Play It Again Rita Essays (274 words) - Conversation,

Play It Again Rita Annonymous By: Paule Marshall One lady attempts to pass on the assortment of voices from West Indians and dark American Engilsh which are her legacy. She picked up her insight through her mother and her friens. She referenced how tuning in to her mom influenced her life as to being the individual that she is tody. She has gotten an effective essayist. (theory) In The Making of a Writer, Paule Marshall illustrates that in spite of the fact that she experienced childhood in a kitchen tuning in to her mom and friens talk, not having the option to be heard, she learns a couple of things through her mom furthermore, her companions. (theme sentence 1) Marshall's mom and her companions got together for a cup of tea or cocoa and to talk a piece before going to their families. They got together in their brownstone home kitchen in Brooklyn ordinarily for around two hours. She and her sister would be situated doing schoolwork while the women talked unendingly. They discussed political occasions and chronicled occasions like wars and the bits of gossip that went on of wars that occurred in those days. They additionally discussed their home in the Caribbean and furthermore their received home - AMERICA - . (point sentence 2) The standard for kids in the 30's was for them to be situated toward the side of the room, being seen, yet not heard. Marshall couldn't participate on any of her mom's discussions. She was as it were ready to tune in and not let out the slightest peep. Marshall might not have had the option to talk much inside the horde of more seasoned people, yet she sure learned a great deal about certain occasions previously and furthermore about her legacy through tuning in to her mom's discussions as she grew up.

Warehouse Management Solution Putting the Ideas into Practice

Presentation A distribution center administration is the administration type which contains various different components that help to mechanize the organization forms, for example, the internal and external procedures of the undertaking and the warehousing forms, simultaneously permitting to update the organization execution, the area of the items and the customer’s impression (Consona Corporation, 2011). To be increasingly exact, the distribution center administration framework, or WMS, permits to improve the organization operations.Advertising We will compose a custom report test on Warehouse Management Solution: Putting the Ideas into Practice explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More generally speaking, the given activities start with getting the cash from the supplier and results in the conveyance of products to the client. Moreover, the procedure includes the necessary moves to be made and the information bundle utilized for the creation and conveyance of th e merchandise. It has been demonstrated that, inside a specific scope of time, excellent business enterprises, yet in addition littler and less compelling organizations can acknowledge and actualize the given arrangement of the executives with significant achievement, since the WMS addresses such significant components of an effective organization execution as prompt flexibly, fused coordinations and web based business achievement (Eclipse Systems Pvt. Ltd, 2004; Ayub, 2007). The given report offers the examination of stockroom the board framework and its usage, calling attention to both the favorable circumstances and impediments of WMS. Waterhouse Management Definition Having indistinguishable roots from other programming applications, WMS should comprise a noteworthy piece of dealing with the space for capacity of crude materials and the specialized flexibly (Piasecki, 2011; Eclipse Systems Pvt. Ltd, 2004). At present, be that as it may, the inquiry whether a WMS ought to turn in to the purported distribution center explicit ERP framework stays open. Also, the examination results state obviously that once the course of preparing inside the circles of Advanced Planning and Scheduling, Enterprise Resource Planning, Manufacturing Execution Systems, Warehouse Management Systems, Supply Chain Planning, Transportation Management Systems and Distribution Management Planning will produce the expansion of multifaceted nature raising between undertakings which are searching for the product which will as far as anyone knows improve their business procedure the executives (Piasecki, 2011; Eclipse Systems Pvt. Ltd, 2004). Moreover, an effectively applied WMS is typically planned for consolidating he existing gadgets and gear, yet in addition the whole PC equipment and programming by the methods for expanding the working activities; accordingly, the upgrades in association of such components of organization activity as capacity, flexibly and conveyance, crude materials an d labor.Advertising Looking for report on business financial matters? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Once the previously mentioned WMS methodology is applied, the organization can enter considerably harder rivalry in the current market; in any case, such activities as the decrease of staff costs, gracefully precision improvement, ensuring that the nature of the item meets the clientele’s desires, just as improving the adaptability of the organization, must be attempted. Permitting the administrative to address the issue of stock administration by applying the synchronized methodology, getting the most up to date information concerning the present request or its conveyance, just as some other insight about the provided request, the WMS offers significant points of interest to the organization as far as withstanding the market rivalry (Eclipse Systems Pvt. Ltd, 2004; Murray, 2011). Waterhouse Management System Advanta ges The framework has various positive angles (Eclipse Systems Pvt. Ltd, 2004; Murray, 2011), among which the most significant are the ones referenced beneath. Improved flexibly and conveyance move With the assistance of WMS, the lead span is limited because of the way that the gracefully and conveyance move takes the base of time too. Moreover, the stock data is confirmed, which permits to rehearse the JIT methodology. In this manner, the security store is did not request anymore, as the last builds the utilization of working capital and the stock. Effective utilization of current stockroom stockpiling It is critical to include that the WMS not just reductions the need in a security stock, yet in addition permits a venture to extend the material extra room with the assistance of article discovering strategies, for example, the techniques for getting, gathering, wrapping and conveyance areas. Decreased need in paper-keeping It is for all intents and purposes conceivable to make the conventional procedure associated with the material stockpiling techniques quicker by the use of the WMS, when the last is synchronized and mechanized, when the gracefully information move is set up. In the given case, it gets conceivable to keep all the data concerning the capacity of the material, e.g., the information concerning the bundling records, receipt reports, and so on., can be moved from the standard paper structure to the type of computerized information. Cycle checking carried to its greatest With the assistance of WMS, the organization information, for example, the specific flexibly and conveyance focuses, the request move recurrence, and so forth., for the recently orchestrated cycle tallies. In the given methodology, the gave kind of cycle tallies not just expands the precision of the conclusive outcomes, yet in addition assists with diminishing the need in the general significant flexibly, since the last is extremely costly for the enterprise.Advertising We will co mpose a custom report test on Warehouse Management Solution: Putting the Ideas into Practice explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Considerable autonomy from distribution center workers Once the WMS is actualized, the organization gets equipped for bringing the venture gracefully activities and the conveyance system to the norm, changing the procedures to the company’s highlights. Subsequently, the association intentionally picks the official techniques, in this way, diminishing the reliance on the distribution center workers. Improved consumer loyalty Streamlining the creation is the key resource of the WMS techniques, since it assumes that the organization finds the item and conveys it to the client in an increasingly proficient way. Due to the capacity to check the procedure for the delay purchased conveyance and to release the last quickly, the given framework improves the precision of the item conveyance and, in this manner, improves the organization sco re. Expanded work execution With the assistance of such imaginative methodologies as cross docking, a WMS makes it feasible for the organization to bring the exchange of the crude material to its most extreme productivity. Known as the method permitting to pick the most limited courses for the internal transfers to be conveyed, the given framework assists with making the stockroom the board impressively simpler. The Ideas Offered by SAP It is additionally imperative to remember that the WMS works in correspondence with the ERP acquisitions, creation, general money related administration capacity and the administration of crude materials and the requests made by the customer base. With the Application of the WMS, it is ensured that the organization won't get any clashing information concerning the item, its area, and so forth once the information is transmitted with the assistance of various PC applications. Therefore, it very well may be orchestrated that the tasks completed in diff erent branches of the association are executed basing on the freshest information and the most exceptional data (Consona Corporation, 2011). As indicated by SAP, there is a sure method to deal with the requests and the characteristics of the distribution center administration, just as the relating issues, which is applying the completely coordinated devices created by SAP. Additionally, with the assistance of the offered arrangement, all the capacities recently performed beforehand by the business officials, to be specific, the arranging, source search, stockpiling, transportation and conveyance of the items being referred to, can be completed as a solitary strategic activity (SAP AG., 2011), which is known as the SAP Enterprise Warehouse Management (SAP EWM) arrangement existing in four versions.Advertising Searching for report on business financial matters? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More EWM consolidates all the important components which will undoubtedly lead the organization to success and simultaneously assists with enduring the opposition (Consona Corporation, 2011; SAP AG., 2011). Positive Aspects of SAP Solution It must be noticed that the given arrangement offers adaptable arrangement of the working materials transportation, just as the association of the material. With respect to the positive parts of the arrangement, one must make reference to that It raises the stockroom capacity by improving the materials transportation It builds the capacity of the distribution center to choose the most sensible areas for the items, dealing with the exchange tasks, and simultaneously verify that the representatives keep up a similar significant level of profitability and quality It makes the creation totally straightforward, appropriating the data between the customer base, the providers and each one of those concerned so that there could be no data holes It makes the ass ociation fit for entering the market rivalry and improve the nature of the items, reacting opportune and enough to the adjustments in flexibly and request (SAP AG., 2011). Two Entrepreneurships Testing the SAP Solution In the principal occurrence, the SAP technique is incorporated for ESCO, an European salt organization. These days taking the primary spot around the world, it received a close synchronized procedure (SAP, 2011). With respect to the subsequent example, Deloitte Consulting oversaw not exclusively to refine the creation procedure, yet in addition to acquaint MS Access databases with the staff for a quicker

Argumentative Essay Topics About Rodeo - How To Choose Topics For Research

Argumentative Essay Topics About Rodeo - How To Choose Topics For ResearchArgumentative essay topics about rodeo can be quite intriguing for students. It can open up a whole new range of topics. There are plenty of great examples to choose from to research. With the information and facts out there, it is now easier than ever for students to make their own write-ups on rodeo.There are hundreds of great facts and information about rodeo on the internet. The variety of topics for debate is plentiful. Those who have not yet decided how to research arguments about rodeo can do a quick search and begin their research.Rodeo has a long history of being involved in some of the most exciting matches in sport. It can be a sport of many different interpretations, so finding out just how that all works can help students learn as they write. The word battle, meaning both honorable and just, can mean any number of things in riding.An argumentative essay topic about rodeo can be about anything that means competition, which includes the competition itself, or about the competitors themselves. It can be about all the things that make these great athletes great, and the histories that they have in the ring. It can also be about the traditions that make this a sport that cannot be duplicated by anyone else.The value of tradition is important when looking at argumentative essay topics about rodeo. Many of the traditions that are a part of rodeo are those that were passed down through the generations. These traditions help to set this sport apart from other sports and from all the other competitions that happen in many other arenas.These traditions have helped the sport to evolve and grow for many years. It helps the sport to stand out from the others that are out there, making it more unique and interesting. This is something that many argue with when looking at argumentative essay topics about rodeo. It is quite easy to find out just how many others do in fact exist.The key is to be able to make a decision when making argumentative essay topics about rodeo. In order to make a decision, it is important to remember that this sport has been around for hundreds of years. The tradition that came before making this an entertaining sport that was popular with everyone. As these traditions were passed down through the generations, it became more of a family affair.Argumentative essay topics about rodeo can be about the history of this sport or about the traditions that make this such a unique sport. It is important to be able to find out just how this sport can be of much use in some of the areas that it is most important. By looking into the history of rodeo, a student can better understand just what it is that makes this sport so exciting to watch.

Cybercrime Law, Regulation, Effects on Innovation

Cybercrime Law, Regulation, Effects on Innovation Human Aspects in Cybersecurity: Ethics, Legal Issues, and Psychology CSEC 620 9024 Summer Semester May 18, 2015 Table of Contents Introduction 1 The Role of the Government in Protecting National Security 1 Acceptance of Government Intervention on Protecting National Security 2 Reaction to the Security Intervention on the Private Sector 3 Impacts/Effects of Government Regulations to Private Industries 4 Compliance Measures to Protect National Security 5 Responsibility to Protect National Security 5 Conclusion 6 Introduction Government has the responsibility to protect its national security and citizen. This could be done by providing policies and†¦show more content†¦(Risen, 2014). Reaction to the Government Intervention Methods Cyber security has been the primary focus for the United States. We live in world where a computer is used to connect us with other parts of the world. Cybersecurity is a serious economic and national security challenge the nation faces on a day-to-day basis. We use computers in our homes, schools but most importantly computers are used in many organizations that process sensitive information which makes us an easy target. In 2009, the President developed a strategy to work closely with a Cybersecurity Coordinator in the Executive Branch to communicate with government agencies as well as the private sector. This team was to ensure all cyber incidents were being responded to, technology solution were being developed and cybersecurity awareness was being promoted. (White House, 2009). The Patriot Act passed by the Congress after the 9/11 attack was one of the key methods planned by the government to track down terror and cyber-attack leads and prevent before the private and public is in any danger. Key points of the Act includes (a) enhancing domestic security against terrorism, (b) enhanced surveillance procedures, (c) protecting the border, (d) removing obstacles to investigating terrorism, ( e ) increased information sharing for critical infrastructure protection,Show MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Cyber Legislation On The United States2839 Words   |  12 Pages Times have changed what was known as organized crime has been replaced by Cybercrimes (Heists: Cybercrimes with Ben Hammersley). Cybercrimes have risen dramatically in recent years and have become a major issue the United States and company’s face today jeopardizing as well as threatening the critical infrastructure of America (Cyberwar Threat, 2005). Sadly, the status quo of cyber securit y is very unstable with the advancements and growth which has put most individuals and businessesRead MoreInternet Law And The Economy Essay1399 Words   |  6 PagesInternet Law and the Economy Introduction This weeks article review is taken from Ubiquity, an ACM IT Magazine and forum. The article is The New Economy: Are Rules Irrelevant? by Daniel W. Uhlfelder, Esq. In this article it is discussed how the new economy of the Internet move forward and enact laws that would be beneficial to all parties involved. This will be hard if not impossible because the Internet can cross boundaries where laws could not cross. The each country and each regionRead MoreHow Technology Has Changed At A Remarkable Speed1470 Words   |  6 Pageschanged the way we portray ourselves and conduct our business. E-commerce, Online Collaboration, and Social Media are all well-known examples of the modern era inventions. They have radically changed the way we live our lives and depict ourselves. The effects of technology can be seen in every genre. In fact, it is the backbone of everything we do as an individual, a company or even as a nation. Since the invention of the Internet, the whole world has become a global village. As a result of this seamlessRead MoreCyber Security, A Government And Private Industry Affair1686 Words   |  7 Pagesentities boost efficiency, speed up service and product delivery and take consumer interaction to another level. However, this new wave has not come without its challenges. Cybercrimes pose a threat to information security and privacy, which is a concern for private and public institutions alike. The United States has developed laws that seek to regulate and improve cyber security across public and private institutions, in an endeavor to ensure national security. Therefore, managers have a new task duringRead MoreEthics of Information Communication Technology (Ict)27618 Words   |  111 Pagesthe name of economic advancement, political stability, religious causes, the campaign against terrorism, or for personal greed and interests. Violations of these rights have created new problems in human social systems, such as the digital divide, cybercrime, digital security and privacy concerns, all of which have affected people’s lives either directly or indirectly. It is important that the countries of the Asia-Pacific region come up with an assessment of the situation, followed by guidelines forRead MoreThe Internet and Cybercrime1781 Words   |  8 Pagesresearch, communicate and conduct business online. It has also become cheaper and faster in performing different tasks. As much as the Internet has done immeasurable good to society, it has also dominated people’s lives and brought with it an array of cybercrimes. According to Nicholas Carr in his book The Shallows: How the Internet is Changing the Way we Think, Read and Remember (Carr, 2010). He debates on whether the Internet has done more harm than good. People use the Internet daily to exchange accurateRead MoreCyber Crime2799 Words   |  12 Pagesfunctions. Cybercrime, which is rapidly increasing in frequency and in severity, requires us to rethink how we sho uld enforce our criminal laws. The current model of reactive, police-based enforcement, with its origins in real-world urbanization, does not and cannot protect society from criminals using computer technology. This paper gives detailed information regarding cybercrime, its types, modes of cyber crime and security measures including prevention to deal effectively with cybercrime. It demonstratesRead MoreA National Security Strategy for the Philippines7627 Words   |  31 PagesCommonwealth Act Number 1 or National Defense Act that was enacted in 1935. The American-sponsored Bill No. 102 providing for the defense of the Philippines was drafted and subsequently passed by the Philippine Assembly on December 20, 1935, and signed into law by President of the Commonwealth Government of the Philippines, Manuel Quezon, on December 21, 1935. This became Commonwealth Act Number 1 otherwise known as the National Defense Act of 1935. This Act provided the legal basis for contingency planningRead MoreA National Security Strategy for the Philippines7617 Words   |  31 PagesAct Number 1 or National Defense Act that was enacted in 1935. The American-sponsored Bill No. 102 providing for the defense of the Philippines was drafted and subsequently passed by the Philippine Assembly on December 20, 1935, and signed into law by President of the Commonwealth Government of the Philippines, Manuel Quezon, on December 21, 1935. This became Commonwealth Act Number 1 otherwise known as the National Defense Act of 1935. This Act provided the legal basis for contingency planningRead MoreComputer Technology And Marketing Approach3014 Words   |  13 Pagescould go and be equal and be empowered to take on concentrated economic and political power, to battle propaganda, and there was no advertising and commercialism. NET NEUTRALITY The idea of net neutrality has been an issue of debate over government regulation of the Internet or its access. Net Neutrality represents the idea that the Internet users are entitle to services that does not discriminate on the basis of source, destination, or ownership of Internet traffic. A common example of net neutrality

Ishmael Reflection - 756 Words

The novel, Ishmael composed by Daniel Quinn examines the process of regurgitating the importance of perception of humanity. Daniel Quinn goes into depth of its importance in an intimate way. As a result, all through the novel the perspective of perception is that he looks at the fundamental capacity of the human species and how the organization became dysfunctional. We are ancestors to the earth and also the roots of its approaching devastation. Ishmael is a teacher and presents himself as someone who is a good example to society. He desperately tries to explain ways of bringing light upon both economical and social change. His principle will is to save humanity which challenges the audience with his intellect, pride, and offers†¦show more content†¦45).Although, Takers are brought to light as negative people, Quinn reassures the reader that their is humanity in us.Takers is the Group that introduced agriculture and modernized living in our lives. In comparison to modern soc iety, although one lives in a society that is filled with war, disasters, and distribution of humanity, mankind is still filled with good. The most meaningful activity in which a human being can be engaged is one that is directly related to human evolution. This is true because human beings now play an active and critical role not only in the process of their own evolution but in the survival and evolution of all living beings.This quote supports that humankind are the most intelligent species on the planet today. Ishmael shows that The median amongst takers and leavers would unquestionably be the most ideal mentality for humankind. A median where man attempts to better himself and humankind while still striving to sustain modern liifestyle. Man has worked wonders with the acknowledgment that nothing is impossible. We have constructed various landmarks, structure, and technology that twist the laws of nature themselves. We should be able to continue to strive in this manner but sti ll consider in sustaining our humanity. Next, Takers are indicates who can truly improve the world . As humankind overcame nature, they have ALso destroyed it.They haveShow MoreRelatedIshmael Reflection1354 Words   |  6 PagesIshmael by Daniel Quinn is an book which discusses many things, most specifically how humans see and treat the world around them. The book categorizes humans into two distinct categories, takers and leavers. There are many themes which are used throughout the book, such as captivity, identity, and evolution. One of the most important things discussed throughout the book is the environment, how humans treat it and how the takers are destroying the world through knowing nothing about it. This bookRead MoreIshmael Beah Reflection956 Words   |  4 Pagesthis journey is filled with twists and turns stopping at the end of the road. Ishmael Beah is a writer who took readers on this journey twice. First with a long way gone a memoir as his time as a child soldier. His gripping memories showed us the time right before the war, than through the war and he showed us what it was like being a child soldier and all the way to when he was released from war. The second book Ishmael wrote was radiance of tomorrow. In this book he took us on a fictional journeyRead MoreSummary Of The Lord s Messenger Essay1537 Words   |  7 Pagesson named Ishmael. In verse 12, I observe that Ishmael will be a wild mule of a man, who will fight everyone and live at odds with his relatives. I wonder why the author portrays Ishmael’s demeanor of fighting as a positive attribute. In verses 13 and 14, Hagar speaks of directly seeing the Lord, yet not going blind. I wonder why the Lord showed himself to Hagar and the true significance of this event. In the last verse of my close reading, I observe that Hagar does give birth to Ishmael for AbramRead MoreHerman Melville s Moby Dick1358 Words   |  6 Pagesemotions in the reader. Herman Melville’s Moby-Dick contains a man who is among the unforgettable characters of literature: Ahab, sea-captain of the whaling ship the Pequod. Ahab is a mysterious figure to Ishmael, the narrator of the tale, at first. Despite the captain’s initial reclusiveness, Ishmael gradually comes to understand the kind of man that Ahab is and, most importantly, the singular obsession he possesses: finding the white whale, Moby Dick, the beast that bit off his leg. The hunt for MobyRead MoreMargaret Fuller Vs. Herman Melville1259 Words   |  6 Pagesshe took from her husband: Mrs. Hussey. Mrs. Hussey is introduced to the rea der by immediately inquiring to whether Queequeg and Ishmael would prefer eating â€Å"clam or cod† (58). Ishmael paints Mrs. Hussey as being rather strict and task-oriented. In the window of time between Mrs. Hussey’s initial interaction between Ishmael and her preparing of the clam chowder, Ishmael describes her as â€Å"being in a great hurry to resume scolding the man in the purple shirt† (58) and â€Å"hurr[ying] towards an open doorRead MoreBusiness Ethics Reflection953 Words   |  4 PagesBusiness Ethics Reflection Matthew Todd XMGT/216 4/22/12 Mike Ishmael Business Ethics Reflection Matthew Todd XMGT/216 4/22/12 Mike Ishmael In my previous job, there was a couple of ethical dilemmas I had over a period of time, but I’m only choosing one of them to focus on in this paper. This situation involved me catching another co-worker stealing products from the shop. I didn’t say anything at first because I thought maybe this person had gotten permission to use these items. IRead MoreAn Analysis Of Melville s The Novel Of Meandering Essay2608 Words   |  11 Pagesmeaning. For example, when Ishmael and Queequeg are walking in the port. Not only are the Nantucketers in the story looking down upon them, but Melville’s audience at the time would have looked down upon them. The fact that Melville wrote about this event in the first place was kind of revolutionary and honestly not much has changed. First, that is an amazing examination of society in itself. Even though this book was written almost two centuries ago, if Queequeg and Ishmael were to walk together todayRead More Perspective on Reli gion Herman Melvilles Moby-Dick Essay5370 Words   |  22 PagesIshmaels, since he is the narrator of the story. However, Ishmael relates his story in such a way that one can easily detect numerous other voices, or other perspectives, in the story, which often oppose the narrators voice. These other, non-primary perspectives function both to establish Moby-Dick as a novel with numerous points of view and to clarify Ishmaels own particular point of view on certain subjects. For instance, in The Ramadan Ishmael attempts to convince Queequeg of the ridiculous andRead MoreEssay about The Feminine Sea in Moby Dick3712 Words   |  15 Pagesthe background, or reflected in the stories of the sailors. They seem to have no sexuality, nor any personality. The two full blooded, dialogue speaking characters in the novel are both servants. Mrs. Hussey ladles out  ³Clam or Cod ³ to Queequeg and Ishmael, bans harpoons from her house, and busies herself like some cosmic washerwoman. In the n ovel, she is a laughably comic figure brought out for a few laughs, and then forgotten. Bildads sister, Charity fares far worse. While Bildad and Peleg battleRead MoreMoby Dick By Herman Melville2021 Words   |  9 Pagescharacter fit into the novel as a whole because the novel is revolving around Ahab and his own personal madness and vendetta with the whale Moby Dick, along with him taking his crew on his own tragic ending journey, which is the ultimate judgement Ishmael and Herman Melville are trying to make. Captain Ahab in the novel Moby Dick is a significant character. He is the Commander of the whaling boat the Pequod , the journey all began when while on a whaling mission , Ahab s leg was gnawed off by the

Impact of newspaper in the age of electronic media Free Essays

The impact of newspaper in the age of electronic media Today many can say that electronic media(TV, satellite) is ruling the whole news arena. But the impact of printed news is something different. When we watch TV news, one can easily switch the channel with remote, the impact of what we saw in the news channel may easily be diverted In our mind by other sport channel, serial or movie. We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of newspaper in the age of electronic media or any similar topic only for you Order Now But that hardly happens when we read newspaper with a cup of tea In morning breakfast. The news directly hits our refreshed minds as the purpose of news should be. We can concentrate on letters printed on the paper, merely having any distractions like satellite. Impact of electronic media Is undeniable. But newspaper does something more permanent. We can miss some point of news In 1 hour telecast , but newspaper presents It In details -It Is difficult to miss any Important news there with big headlines unless you are in a hurry. Sometimes necessary adds(job, scholarship) are found in newspaper while turning pages . But that is not possible in TV satellites. Promotions of mobile companies, Did offers, etc are available in the printed news. That will be impossible to get all that in one channel or one site. We get all kinds of social view in one paper ,but never in one channel or website. So, the power of printed news remains superior even in the flourish of electronic media. The fact that we see news in the TV may seem more modern, but what we read in the newspaper , that has more permanent effect on our mind. How to cite Impact of newspaper in the age of electronic media, Papers

Impact of newspaper in the age of electronic media Free Essays

The impact of newspaper in the age of electronic media Today many can say that electronic media(TV, satellite) is ruling the whole news arena. But the impact of printed news is something different. When we watch TV news, one can easily switch the channel with remote, the impact of what we saw in the news channel may easily be diverted In our mind by other sport channel, serial or movie. We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of newspaper in the age of electronic media or any similar topic only for you Order Now But that hardly happens when we read newspaper with a cup of tea In morning breakfast. The news directly hits our refreshed minds as the purpose of news should be. We can concentrate on letters printed on the paper, merely having any distractions like satellite. Impact of electronic media Is undeniable. But newspaper does something more permanent. We can miss some point of news In 1 hour telecast , but newspaper presents It In details -It Is difficult to miss any Important news there with big headlines unless you are in a hurry. Sometimes necessary adds(job, scholarship) are found in newspaper while turning pages . But that is not possible in TV satellites. Promotions of mobile companies, Did offers, etc are available in the printed news. That will be impossible to get all that in one channel or one site. We get all kinds of social view in one paper ,but never in one channel or website. So, the power of printed news remains superior even in the flourish of electronic media. The fact that we see news in the TV may seem more modern, but what we read in the newspaper , that has more permanent effect on our mind. How to cite Impact of newspaper in the age of electronic media, Papers

Response Paper on The way to wealth free essay sample

Benjamin Franklin points out that every man can improve his life and accomplish wealth by working hard, spending time efficiently and saving and spending money wisely. If you use your time efficiently, not by being lazy but by working, you will Improve your situation. Nobody will ever be successful by being lazy. You cannot expect wealth and success as a result of sloth that comes to you while setting on the couch and on It; everybody who wants to improve life has to do so by himself. Therefore Franklin points out that God helps those who helps themselves (p. 211 stating that it is up to every individual to make the best out of his/her life. As long as you do not take responsibility for your own life and do not work for an improved lifestyle, you wont ever become wealthy. If you do not do so but be lazy, the opposite of wealth, namely poverty will arise in your life: ( ) laziness travels so slowly, that poverty soon overtakes him: (p. We will write a custom essay sample on Response Paper on The way to wealth or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 221 Nowadays there are many teenagers who do not care about school but rather skip it in order to hang out with friends.They do not seem to think about the consequences they will take out of this behavior. Many are lazy, do not want to work but are on the contrary convinced that they will be rich or even superstars when they are grown up. The still get pocket money from their parents and thus have neither an idea about hard work nor about investing money wisely, which leads me to the following aspect: Franklin also comments on the widespread vice of excessive spending; people ran in debts, and still do so nowadays, in order to buy useless things that are not needed.They went in debts in order to purchase things they could not afford and to live a certain lifestyle which they thought was going to make them happy as well as accepted in society. In doing so, Franklin clarifies that going into debts Is like giving control of your life over to another; on the one hand you will become dep endent on the creditor while on the other hand you lose your freedom and liberty hat you do when you run in debt, you give to another power over your liberty (p. 224). Franklins point of view is absolutely comprehensible and true; there are so many people, and even children and teenagers who are already In debts because they spent money they did not have on things they do not need, such as the newest rhinestones for cell phones, expensive clothes, the biggest flat screens, and so on. What Franklin wants to say Is that people need to focus on what Is really Important and necessary In life. All that many people think of nowadays Is the possession of the west stuff, but If we really think about It and ask ourselves: Do I really need the need 40 different kinds of T-shirts?I am convinced that everybody who has only a gleam of decency and rationality comes up with the same answer as I do: NO! Wealth is not given by possessing the newest cars or technologies. I think wealth can be purchased by money to a certain extent or degree, but the most important feature of being wealthy is not purchasable, and it cant be achieved with going in debts. Of course be ing wealthy means, as Franklin says that you are able to buy realistic things hat you would like to have.For me, wealth rather means living a fulfilled and harmonious life together with my family, being able to go on vacation and seeing my wife and children happy. For the most part, Benjamin Franklins ideas in The way to wealth are still valid today. Even though I do not totally agree with his virtue of hard work, his other points are comprehensible and should be followed in daily life. I refuse to agree to the aspect of hard work because I think that hard work, and the resulting money, simply does not bring wealth to people.

Free Essays on Terror Strikes America

Terror strikes America Since the â€Å"Attack on America† the world has been in grievance and in shock. Our conception of America has been we are the biggest, the best, and the most powerful in the world. But since terrorism has killed thousands of people and sent our country into devastation we have doubts about how our great country is going to react. As a nation we are feeling anger towards the perpetrators responsible for this, as well as sadness for those lives lost and for their families. America has been the leading world power for decades. September 11, 2001, America was struck by terrorism. Terrorist hijacked four commercial airliners, with the intent to kill as many people as possible. They steered and crashed two planes into each of the World Trade Centers in New York City, as well as one plane into part of the Pentagon in Washington. The two towers were soon crumbling down on top of the rescue workers and the innocent victims still inside the buildings. The other plane was wrecked into farmland in Pennsylvania after the passengers on board called their loved ones and found out what was happening. They soon rushed the hijackers with the intent to hopefully save many more lives, while giving up their own. It is the heroes on that plane, and the rescue workers willing to die for the unimaginable and unselfish love for the integrity of American humanity. Although our country is in turmoil, we have come more together now then ever before. Our rescue workers are still working night and day after two weeks to find the lost loved ones. They are tearing through two buildings that took over two years to build, and taking them down with buckets. Since the tragedy began, all the families and loved ones that lost friends, and parents, and children have not gave up hope. But yet still have the undeniable fact that they have to come to deal with. They have put their prayers in God and have posted pictures and lit candle... Free Essays on Terror Strikes America Free Essays on Terror Strikes America Terror strikes America Since the â€Å"Attack on America† the world has been in grievance and in shock. Our conception of America has been we are the biggest, the best, and the most powerful in the world. But since terrorism has killed thousands of people and sent our country into devastation we have doubts about how our great country is going to react. As a nation we are feeling anger towards the perpetrators responsible for this, as well as sadness for those lives lost and for their families. America has been the leading world power for decades. September 11, 2001, America was struck by terrorism. Terrorist hijacked four commercial airliners, with the intent to kill as many people as possible. They steered and crashed two planes into each of the World Trade Centers in New York City, as well as one plane into part of the Pentagon in Washington. The two towers were soon crumbling down on top of the rescue workers and the innocent victims still inside the buildings. The other plane was wrecked into farmland in Pennsylvania after the passengers on board called their loved ones and found out what was happening. They soon rushed the hijackers with the intent to hopefully save many more lives, while giving up their own. It is the heroes on that plane, and the rescue workers willing to die for the unimaginable and unselfish love for the integrity of American humanity. Although our country is in turmoil, we have come more together now then ever before. Our rescue workers are still working night and day after two weeks to find the lost loved ones. They are tearing through two buildings that took over two years to build, and taking them down with buckets. Since the tragedy began, all the families and loved ones that lost friends, and parents, and children have not gave up hope. But yet still have the undeniable fact that they have to come to deal with. They have put their prayers in God and have posted pictures and lit candle...

SHOOK Surname Origin and Last Name Meaning

SHOOK Surname Origin and Last Name Meaning The surname Shook is a variant of the German surname  Schuck, derived  from  scouh, meaning shoemaker. Schoch is a common Swiss variation and Schook or Schoock are commonly found in the Netherlands. Alternate Surname Spellings:  SHUK, SHOCK, SHUCK, SCHOCH, SCHUCK, SCHOOK, SCHOOCK, SHOOCK, SCHOKE, SCHUCH, SCHUSKE Surname Origin: German Where In the World Is the SHOOK  Surname Found? According to Forebears, the Shook surname is most prevalent in the United States and Guam. The original German spelling of Shuck is still much more common in Germany, especially in the Rheinland-Pfalz region according to WorldNames PublicProfiler. Shuck is also a fairly common surname in Pest, Hungary. Germany-specific surname distribution maps at Verwandt.de identify the Schuck surname as being most frequent in Miltenberg, followed by Aschaffenburg, Berlin, Kusel,  Mà ¼nchen and Kaiserslautern.   Famous People with the SHOOK  Surname Edwin M. Shook - American archaeologist and Mayanist scholarTravis Shook - American jazz pianist Genealogy Resources for the Surname SHOOK Meanings of Common German SurnamesUncover the meaning of your German last name with this free guide to the meanings and origins of common German surnames. Shook  Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Shook  family crest or coat of arms for the Shook surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male-line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. Shook Surname DNA ProjectThis genetic genealogy project is open to all individuals with the surname Hahn and variants such as  Schoke, Schuch, Schuske, Shuck, who are interested in using DNA with traditional genealogical research to identify common Hahn ancestors. Shook Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Shook surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Shook surname query. FamilySearch - SHOOK GenealogyExplore over 500,000 results, including digitized records, database entries, and online family trees for the Shook surname and its variations on the FREE FamilySearch website, courtesy of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. SHOOK  Surname Family Mailing ListsRootsWeb hosts a free mailing list for researchers of the Shook surname. DistantCousin.com - SHOOK Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Shook. GeneaNet - Shook  RecordsGeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Shook  surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries. The Shook Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Shook surname from the website of Genealogy Today.- References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. Back to  Glossary of Surname Meanings Origins

Melissa Mayers decision related to Yahoo and telecommuting Assignment

Melissa Mayers decision related to Yahoo and telecommuting - Assignment Example In addition, the assertion by several researches is that only sustainably managed human resources ensure sustainable growth and development. In this regard, the company’s top management, in consultation with heads of departments, decided to abolish home-based telecommunicating work by its employees, and instead, have them work from company’s the offices. The company notes that by so doing it would have the assurance of long-term sustainable development. Precisely, this decision has numerous advantages especially for the good of the company’s sustainability. Working within the company premises’ vicinity, there is a high likelihood of abating the employees’ abuse of privileges and harm to the company’s productivity. Office-based work would foster better communication and collaboration between and among the staffs thereby enhancing ease in decision-making. Furthermore, the initiative would enhance work reliability and efficiency within the company while also promoting a sense of togetherness. Face-to-face interaction would also serve to promote the company’s culture (Knowl 1). Knowl, David. â€Å"Yahoo! CEO Marissa Mayer lays down the law, telling telecommuting employees either to show up at the office or find a new job.† New York Daily News. Monday, February 25, 2013. Web May 21, 2014. Viewed from:

State of the economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

State of the economy - Essay Example It means that the U.S. economy has improved a lot as compared to the U.S. economy back in 2008. Based on the historical trend of quarter-to-quarter growth in real GDP, the U.S. real GDP tend to increase during the 4th quarter of each year. The trend strongly suggests that demand for products and services usually increase between October to December of each year. (See Figure I – Quarter-to-Quarter Growth in Real GDP on page 2) CPI is defined as â€Å"a measure of the overall cost of the goods and services bought by a typical consumer† (Mankiw 834). There is a significant relationship between the real GDP and CPI. Given that the real GDP falls into negative values, the CPI also tends to be at the lowest value. For instance, the real GDP during the 4th quarter of 2008 was -9%. As a result, the CPI during these periods was following a declining trend from 216.573 in October 2008 down to 210.228 in December 2008. (See Table I – Five-Year Summary of CPI below; Figure II – Five-Year CPI Trend in U.S. on page 3) Unemployment rate is defined as â€Å"the number of unemployed people who want to have a job but do not have one† (Kennedy 36). The U.S. unemployment rate is somehow related to the county’s real GDP. Since the real GDP was at the lowest during the last quarter in 2008, its unemployment rate started to rise significantly on January 2008. It means that there were a lot of companies in the U.S. that had to implement a massive lay-off or close down the company due to bankruptcy. Since the 4th quarter of 2010, the unemployment rate in the United States was moving on a downward trend. The continuous decrease in the U.S. unemployment rate was possible since the U.S. real GDP and CPI was somehow increasing. (See Table II – U.S. Unemployment Rate below; Figure III – Trend of U.S. Unemployment Rate on page 4) Other useful economic indicators include: the producer price index (PPI), interest rates, and export and imports. Specifically the PPI

War Changes Henry in Stephen Cranes The Red Badge of Courage :: Red Badge Courage Essays

War Changes Henry in Stephen Crane's The Red Badge of Courage There have been many great war stories; one is The Red Badge of Courage (1895) written by Stephen Crane. This book is circled around Henry Fleming, a young man who wants to join the Union Army during the Civil War. The Civil War has been a great subject for many books, as it was a great changing point in American History that lasted for 4 years. The story is written about Henry Fleming, who wanted to join the Union Army for a long time, but his mother didn't want him to. The story lasts over a period of a few days, probably two. He grew up on a farm, in a rural area, where he was secluded from large areas, like many other soldiers who fought in the Civil War. He is usually a good farmer boy, who follows what his mother says. With no mention of his father in the story, he is most likely dead or he ran away. This makes Stephen Crane's writing look like many families today, where there is only one parent to care for them. He eventually signs up with the Union Army, without his mother's full support. On his way there, he is greeted by many others who say how he is so great for joining the army. He gets to the Army camp eventually, and everyone there is waiting in anxiety for a battle. Here he meets other soldiers, such as the "Loud soldier," and the "Tall Soldier." They talk about battles, and soldiers who run from war, comparing them to children and anything but men. This makes him think if he, if the battle gets too violent, will run. Eventually the first battle comes, and the first rush with it. He defends his position, and doesn't run away. But the second wave of attacks came, and he ran away as fast as he could. He meets up with a group of injured soldiers, when he remembers that he ran from battle. This made him ashamed of himself, even more when he has to lie about being injured. This shows how the writer likes to use emotions on the character effect the reader, some people might be mad he ran a way, others might be disappointed in him for it. Overtime, Henry has many bad experiences since he ran from the battle. He was injured when a bullet grazes the backside of his head, and he also suffers from extreme dehydration, but is saved by a military camp he came to.

Clinical Supervision in Counseling Essay

Professional competence is shown in many counselors throughout the world. One way that competence is displayed by counselors is their ability to utilize clinical supervision and consultation. Even long standing professionals in the field of counseling continually seek supervision. When confronted with difficult ethical decision making and unique situations in its best to gain an outside objective viewpoints. In reference to the case study, there are plenty of ethical dilemmas and unethical decisions made by Joe and his supervisor. It is clear their personal values differ from those who choose to follow ethical codes in counseling. The APA and ACA’s ethical standards and codes have certain relations in comparison to the violations which Joe and his supervisor have perpetrated. To avoid breaches of ethical codes, there are ACA ethics committee members to inform appropriate relationship standards with all individuals involved in the counseling process. Clinical supervision is important to utilize for each counselor’s self-awareness. The case study implies that Joe ended counseling sessions with Jill because they had mutual feelings of attraction towards each other. He made an ethical decision in doing so by recognizing the counseling relationship would be ineffective. Joe and Jill began a sexual relationship which ended abruptly after a month, with no physical or verbal contact afterwards. Joe had a guilty conscious of their unethical relationship. The imperative action he failed to do was follow through with the proper referral process by choosing to obtain clinical supervision from his supervisor for Jill’s well-being. However, Joe and his supervisor recently started a sexually relationship. He did not seek referral assistance for Jill to avoid hurt feelings from his supervisor. Inquiring the behaviors of both counselor and supervisor, there were evident breaches of ethics. The counselor and supervisor should have the knowledge that any non-professional relationship between the two is unethical and a breach of ethics. In other words, they should have known better. Teaching and modeling ethical and professional behavior is an important responsibility of a supervisor (Argosy, 2013). All psychologist, counselors and members of the ACES (The Association for Counselor Education and Supervision) must abide by the ACA and APA Code of Ethics. The ACES has developed ethical codes for counseling supervisors and is in accordance with the purpose of the ACA as well as a founding division of the ACA. According to ACES, the best practice guidelines are intended to support supervisors in their work. The ACES’s guidelines are offered to augment the judgment of supervisors as they make it their requirement to offer ethical and legal protection of rights of supervisors, supervisees and clients, and meet professional needs of supervisees while protecting client welfare (ACES, Best Practices in Supervision, 2010). With regards to ACES practice guidelines there are other exceptional tools or standards available to ensure supervisors know crucial standards for their practice. The American Counseling Association created a â€Å"Journal of Counseling Development†: Standards of Counseling Supervisors (ACA/ACES, 1990, JCD v69 n 1, Pg. 30, Vol. 69). † The standards implemented is this journal are important to counseling supervisors toS develop core areas of knowledge, competencies, and personal traits that characterize effective counselors. What happened between the counselor and the supervisor was extremely unacceptable. My values clash with their values. I am sure when I am counseling clients for mental health I will be attracted to a few men here and there. I may even be attracted to my supervisor or a colleague of mine. Physical or emotional attraction is a normal function as a human being, and is not a dangerous or awful thing. Making verbal or physical actions to distinctive attractions will not be the case for me. I would not want to jeopardize my career involving an unethical mistake concerning my attraction to one of my clients. I value the direction in which I am being educated, and I will value even more when I am certified and access a seemingly well respective job. Ethical standards and codes are needed to be taken very seriously. The APA and ACA have very similar codes of ethics and ethical standards. As I have stated before, Joe and his supervisor breached certain codes of ethics specifically pertaining to having a sexual relationship. According to the APA ethical standards it states, â€Å"Psychologists do not engage in sexual relationships with students or supervisees who are in their department, agency, or training center or over whom psychologists have or are likely to have evaluative authority (APA, 2010). One of the ACA Codes of Ethics involving relationships has boundaries regarding supervisory relationships. Logically, between current supervisees and their supervisor sexual and romantic interactions or relationships are prohibited (ACA, 2005). Within the APA and ACA ethical standards, they seem to have overall similar conclusion regarding sexual relationships between counselors and supervisors. One difference I recognized is that the APA states ethical ways of going about multiple relationships with clients, although it is best to refrain in case of impairment to the psychologist’s competency (APA, 2010). Also, The ACA has ethical standards involving potential ethical beneficial relationships with supervisees in a non–professional setting, such as attending a funeral for the supervisee. This has to be discussed between the supervisor and supervisee and documentation of the rationale for the relationship is a necessity (ACA, 2005). Members of the ACA and APA ethics committee have a huge responsibility to manage enforcement of the ethical codes concerning the APA or ACA and to enhance professional development through professions. Committee members have important obligations such as processing cases of alleged violations. However, a committee member cannot warrant the job review of any member affiliated or that is under the Code of Ethics. If I was an ACA Ethics Committee member, I would inform appropriate behavioral codes for counselors, especially new counselors to the field. I would certainly inform them of the no tolerance policies of sexual or intimate relations with co-workers or clients, as well as all ethical codes. I would make them aware of the role and function of what I do as a part of the committee. For example, we as a committee process complaints of ethical violations or alleged violations. Most importantly I would want to educate health professionals of the membership according to the ACA codes, and what the roles and functions of ethical committees. I would like to continue to adopt many values of ethical codes, ethical decision making, standards and principals for supervision that I highly appreciate.

William Shakespeare Utilizes Different Events - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 588 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/03/13 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Romeo and Juliet Essay William Shakespeare Essay Did you like this example? William Shakespeare utilizes different events and characters like Romeo and Juliet, proficiently to pass on that love conquers everybody. Throughout the play Shakespeare successfully indicates how the adoration for Romeo and Juliet beats numerous things in the play. Romeo and Juliet chance their families notoriety and even their lives, for affection which causes the contention in the play. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "William Shakespeare Utilizes Different Events" essay for you Create order This eventually causes the passing of the two sweethearts however unites the families at last. This story shows how love triumphs over the terror of death. Romeo and Juliet are driven to love each other even though their families hate each other. This creates conflict and multiple deaths in the play. After the party in Act 1, Romeo goes to Juliet’s house to see her again later being warned that â€Å"If they do see thee they will murder thee. (2.2.70), but Romeo states â€Å"And but thou love me, let them find me here. My life were better ended by their hate†¦Than death proroguà ¨d, wanting of thy love† (2.2.69) Romeo feels so much love for Juliet that he is willing to die for her and he even says that if Juliet doesn’t love him back that he should die because his life would be meaningless. The topics of death and brutality tie in with Romeo and Juliet, and they are constantly associated with enthusiasm, regardless of whether that energy is love or despise. The association between abhor, viciousness, and passing appears glaringly evident. Love is the major theme in Romeo and Juliet, but a theme that is tied in with love is hate; emotion can overwhelmed someone and essentially blind a person from their actions. An example of this would be when Tybalt wants to kill Romeo in Act 1 because he was looking at Juliet. He describes Romeo as a â€Å"Slave†¦ Come hither, covered with an antic face, to fleer and scorn at our solemnity?† (1.5.54) He tells his slave to bring him his sword to kill Romeo but Lord Capulet refuses for Tybalt to kill Romeo stating, â€Å"Verona brags of him† (1.5.67) Lord Capulet is basically telling Tybalt to calm down and control himself because he’s letting his emotions control him. Tybalt dies later and kills Mercutio which was foreshadowed in the end of Act 1 because of his immaturity. The incredible idea of affection can be found in the way it is portrayed, or, more precisely, the path depictions of it so reliably neglect to catch its sum. Now and again love is portrayed in the terms of religion, as in the fourteen lines when Romeo and Juliet initially meet. At others it is depicted as a kind of enchantment: Alike bewitchà ¨d by the charm of looks (2. Prologue.6). Juliet, maybe, most superbly depicts her adoration for Romeo by declining to portray it: But my true love is grown to such excess / I cannot sum up some of half my wealth (3.1.33– 34). Love, as it were, opposes any single similitude since it is too incredible to be so effectively contained or comprehended. Love is such a strong emotion that it blinds one from reality.Romeo and Juliet does not put forth an explicit good expression about the connections among adoration and society, religion, and family; rather, it depicts the disarray and energy of being infatuated, joining pictures of affection, brutality, demise, religion, and family in an impressionistic surge prompting the plays deplorable decision. But in its extreme passion, the love that Romeo and Juliet experience also appears so exquisitely beautiful that few would want, or be able, to resist its power.

The Sunset Limited by Cormac McCarthy - 1311 Words

In a postmodern world it is worth contemplating in what we can put our faith. Does culture, religion, or God merit our trust? Or is this a world of mechanical and biological evolutionary processes void of any meaning and purpose? The Sunset Limited, â€Å"a novel in dramatic form,† by Cormac McCarthy, is a dialogue between two persons who approach each other from opposite worlds to answer these questions. Black, a born-again believer and ex-con, and White, a nihilistic college professor, attempt to determine whether belief in God is viable in this world and if life is worth living. Despite Black’s efforts to convince him otherwise, White remains a Depressed Self who denies God’s existence, affirms his view of the world as deranged, and leaves to complete his suicide. White once put value in the â€Å"foundations of civilization,† or the goods of culture, such as â€Å"books and music and art† (McCarthy 25). He believed these goods would provide reason for his existence. Yet White acknowledges that because of reasons he cannot quite pinpoint, these goods have lost their value for himself and others. They are now things of the past. White believes, â€Å"that world is largely gone. Soon it will be wholly gone† (McCarthy 25). As Percy suggests in his book, Lost in the Cosmos, the Depressed Self may be depressed because â€Å"belief in God and religion has declined and with it man’s confidence in the place of the self in the Cosmos† (74). For White, the loss of these cultural goods is a loss ofShow MoreRelatedThe Sunset Limited By Cormac Mccarthy1069 Words   |  5 PagesThe Sunset Limited by Cormac McCarthy is a one act play between two men who argue their opposing views of the world they live in. White is a profe ssor that sees the world through the lens of an atheist, and Black is a blue collared worker who tries to save White s life by attempting to show him the light of God. On White s birthday, Black spends the early hours of the morning in his apartment attempting to introduce White to God. This occurs after Black saves White from committing suicide down

Post Deployment For Military Veterans Essay - 1491 Words

In the United States, soldiers are currently returning home from war broken and scarred. While some physical wounds are clearly visible others are often hidden/invisible to the naked eye, but men and women proudly wear these wounds as a badge of courage and honor for protecting our nation. These men and women come home rightfully expecting help, assistance and care and get hit with the reality of poor care from the Veteran Health Administration and Department of Defense. T. Stecker, J. Fortney, F. Hamilton, and I. Ajzen, 2007, address that mental health symptoms have the likelihood to increase within post deployment for military veterans, especially for the ones who have seen combat. An estimated quarter of recent war veterans who are currently receiving care in the Department of Veteran Affairs (VA) Health Care System have reported mental health problems. Soldiers who have served in Iraq come home suffering from depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). T he Statistics of Iraq soldiers meeting the criteria for depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is greater than the soldiers who served in Afghanistan. The mental health symptom rates for soldiers who served in Iraq were as high as 20% for PTSD, 18% for anxiety, and 15% for depression. Many challenges still remain as Iraq and Afghanistan veterans seek available access to mental health care. These challenges include the resistance and stigma to seek care, lack ofShow MoreRelatedMilitary Disorder : The Diagnosis Of PTSD In Veterans1558 Words   |  7 PagesThe diagnosis of PTSD in veterans is different from that of a civilian diagnosed with the same condition. Civilians often experience an isolated traumatic event in their lives whereas veterans and active duty military members more frequently experience combat-related trauma while in a war zone or on the battlefield (Fragedakis Toriello, 2014). Many of these veterans and active duty military members keep silent about their symptoms for fear of consequences to their position or because of the stigmaRead MoreEssay On Family Disorder In Veterans1033 Words   |  5 Pagesfunctioning predicts outcomes for veterans in treatment for chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Family Psychology, 23(4), 531-539. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy2.apus.edu/docview/614510891?accountid=8289 This study explored whether chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in veterans receiving treatment were effected by family behaviors. This study took several different tests to determine the current state of the veteran and their family these tests areRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1708 Words   |  7 Pagesand Operation New Dawn (OND) veterans in the United States (DoD, 2014). Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and traumatic brain injury (TBI) are signature wounds of these military operations, and are commonly referred to as â€Å"invisible wounds of war† (Tanielian et al 2008, from bello have another?-). OEF, OIF, and OND consisted of the longest and most frequent deployments in U.S. History with forty-eight percent of veterans having served at least two deployments (DoD, 2013). Children’s and non-deployedRead MoreAlcohol Use Among Veterans And The Military Essay1436 Words   |  6 Pages Alcohol Use Among Veterans and the Military Alcohol use and abuse is prevalent among members of the United States military as well as among the veteran population. Binge and heavy drinking is commonplace among the military and veterans. Veterans and members of the active duty military face a unique set of challenges when compared to the civilian population. There is a trend of combat exposure leading to a higher risk to abuse alcohol. For over a decadeRead MoreMental Health Accommodations For Our Military Men And Women Sufficient1548 Words   |  7 PagesAre mental health accommodations for our military men and women sufficient? Soldiers are put through trying conditions when deployed. Many of the men and women are sent to a foreign country away from their homes full of the people they love the most, who are spending their time with a worry in the back of their mind if they will get the chance to hold, touch, or see their loved ones ever again. Often, the soldiers who do make it back home to their families tend to develop some mental problems overRead MoreThe Epidemic Of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Essay1694 Words   |  7 Pagesa crisis existing within its population of returning veterans. More and more, we see veterans of the war in Iraq, the war in Afghanistan, and the war on Terror, return with not only debilitating physical wounds, but longer lasting psychological wounds of war. Furthermore, there’s a stigma with mental health in the country which dictates; if you seek help for mental health issues, you’re weak. This isn’t only a problem amongst returning veterans, but all citizens. The returning warrior shouldn’t haveRead MoreThe Diagnostic And Statistical Manual Of Transition Disorder?911 Words   |  4 Pageswho complete their service – nominally veterans if they have been deployed overseas on at least one operation, are highly trained both upon entry into the military and throughout that career, however, they are released from service with varying degr ees of preparation for entering back into civilian life. Currently, the NZDF provides a three day â€Å"Transition Seminar† that is the only active training programme for service personnel releasing from the military; moreover, this transition seminar is onlyRead MoreIntegrative Reflection : Veterans Are Underserved And Need Tremendous Help1602 Words   |  7 Pages Integrative Reflection: Veterans Many veterans are underserved and need tremendous help. Due to increased deployment and the veteran population increasing; there is a large demand for social workers to provide them with supportive services. Many veterans struggle with readjusting to civilian life after deployment, while others struggle with invisible mental wounds from war trauma. Unfortunately, many of these veterans are returning to the United States without adequate supportRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder1718 Words   |  7 PagesWorld War I prior to deployment (Jones 2003). Associations such as: family, education, personal histories, psychiatric disorder, and childhood abuse. With these screenings being performed prior to deployment, it raises the question—is PTSD in soldiers because of events prior to enlisting or because of combat and why do some people develop PTSD and others do not? In this paper, I will explain the possible answer, which is that a PTSD diagnosis in soldiers returning from deployment is because of combatRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1692 Words   |  7 PagesPost Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a condition that causes anxiety and distress due to an extremely terrifying event. PTSD occurs in people who have experienced an event that is life-threatening, terrifying to include seeing someone they personally know or don’t know endure death (Kalat, 2013, p. 383). Recently the Veterans Affairs Administration (VA) has seen significant rises in diagnosing and treating PTSD sufferers in returning combat soldier from Iraq and Afghanistan. According to the

World Civilization Notes Free Essays

string(82) " present the term is used to cover more fields than just the arts and literature\." HUM 1000: WORLD CIVILIZATIONS NOTES THE NATURE AND ORIGIN OF CIVILIZATION IN AFRICA Definition of key terms As we begin this course, it is crucial to first discuss our understanding of the concept ‘civilization’. This is a comparative term which is usually applied in comparison to such words as ‘barbarian’ ‘savage’ and ‘primitive’. In classical antiquity the Europeans used the word ‘barbarian’ to refer to a foreigner who was regarded as inferior (Ogutu and Kenyanchui, An Introduction To African History, 1991 p33). We will write a custom essay sample on World Civilization Notes or any similar topic only for you Order Now Do you think this is still the way we use the word barbarian? The Latin speakers referred to hunters, food-gatherers as savage. In the 17th century this term ‘savage’ referred to a person without art, literacy, or society who lived in fear of existence and death. ‘Primitive’ on the other hand, in Latin meant ‘the first or original’. Europeans used these words interchangeably when referring to non-Europeans while the word civilization was preserved to describe historical developments of European people (ibid). Now the term civilization is no longer confined to the above development but also extends reference to non-European communities. Attributes of civilization includes observance to law, belonging to an organized society, having a society of literate people with advanced developments in urbanization, agriculture, commerce, arts and technology. The French thinkers of the 18th century referred to a person of the arts and literature as cultured. But at the present the term is used to cover more fields than just the arts and literature. You read "World Civilization Notes" in category "Essay examples" Sometimes, therefore the words ‘civilization’ and ‘culture’ are interchangeably applied. In this unit, however, more use is confined to the word ‘civilization’ especially in reference to human developments over time and in all continents. Another term that requires discussion at this stage is ‘prehistory’. Just like ‘civilization’,’prehistory’ is used in comparative terms especially in relation to history. Both terms refer to the past human activities. But whereas history as used by historians refers to the inquiry, investigation or research into a totality of human past experience, prehistory is rather confined to an inquiry or research into a totality of human past experience before the invention of writing. In our course-text (Anthony Esler, The Human Venture vol 1, 2004) this prehistoric period stretches between 5000 and 3500 BC. This period is also known as Stone Age period. Archeology plays a vital part in enabling us learn more about this prehistoric period. Through excavation and dating , a lot of prehistoric information is obtained. The Prehistoric or Stone Age Period There are two versions which explain the origins of human species. These are creation and biological explanation. The creation version exists in the Judaeo-Christian: Old Testament and its African counterpart. This Judaeo-Christian Old Testament is captured in the book of Genesis 2:6-7 in which it is written ‘But there went up a mist from the earth and watered the whole face of the ground. And the Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life and man became a living soul. There is more detail about the whole sequence of creation in Genesis 1. Indeed it is written that human beings were the last to be created specific in God’s own image. This is best explained in Genesis 1:27: à ¢â‚¬ËœSo God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him, male and female created he them’. This creation story is vividly portrayed by Michelangelo on the ceiling of Sistine chapel in the Vatican at Rome . The pictures showing muscled, hugely bearded figure of Jehovah dividing light from darkness with a gesture rolling the sun and the moon into being, extending his powerful right hand to bestow upon Adam the ultimate gift of life attracts numerous tourists to the Vatican. There are various aspects of creation explanations in Africa. However we use the version in The Human Venture vol. 1 (p 7). According to this version, Doondari made humankind out of the five elements; fire, water, air, iron, and stone. The oldest of all creation stories, that of the Minnite Theology carved in stone at Memphis on the Nile almost five thousand years ago, calls the creator Ptah and says that he made the first sentient beings with weapons in their hands. Similar creation myths are found among other communities. This is because human beings are always concerned with understanding ‘first things’ and how they led to more complex ones. Such myths are reinforced by science which intimates that our earth developed from ‘a ring of glowing gases cooled and solidified into planets. Around the planet earth was water which spread over much of the world and above the earth was the atmosphere. HUM 1000: WORLD CIVILIZATIONS NOTES THE NATURE AND ORIGIN OF CIVILIZATION IN AFRICA Definition of key terms As we begin this course, it is crucial to first discuss our understanding of the concept ‘civilization’. This is a comparative term which is usually applied in comparison to such words as ‘barbarian’ ‘savage’ and ‘primitive’. In classical antiquity the Europeans used the word ‘barbarian’ to refer to a foreigner who was regarded as inferior (Ogutu and Kenyanchui, An Introduction To African History, 1991 p33). Do you think this is still the way we use the word barbarian? The Latin speakers referred to hunters, food-gatherers as savage. In the 17th century this term ‘savage’ referred to a person without art, literacy, or society who lived in fear of existence and death. ‘Primitive’ on the other hand, in Latin meant ‘the first or original’. Europeans used these words interchangeably when referring to non-Europeans while the word civilization was preserved to describe historical developments of European people (ibid). Now the term civilization is no longer confined to the above development but also extends reference to non-European communities. Attributes of civilization includes observance to law, belonging to an organized society, having a society of literate people with advanced developments in urbanization, agriculture, commerce, arts and technology. The French thinkers of the 18th century referred to a person of the arts and literature as cultured. But at the present the term is used to cover more fields than just the arts and literature. Sometimes, therefore the words ‘civilization’ and ‘culture’ are interchangeably applied. In this unit, however, more use is confined to the word ‘civilization’ especially in reference to human developments over time and in all continents. Another term that requires discussion at this stage is ‘prehistory’. Just like ‘civilization’,’prehistory’ is used in comparative terms especially in relation to history. Both terms refer to the past human activities. But whereas history as used by historians refers to the inquiry, investigation or research into a totality of human past experience, prehistory is rather confined to an inquiry or research into a totality of human past experience before the invention of writing. In our course-text (Anthony Esler, The Human Venture vol 1, 2004) this prehistoric period stretches between 5000 and 3500 BC. This period is also known as Stone Age period. Archeology plays a vital part in enabling us learn more about this prehistoric period. Through excavation and dating , a lot of prehistoric information is obtained. The Prehistoric or Stone Age Period There are two versions which explain the origins of human species. These are creation and biological explanation. The creation version exists in the Judaeo-Christian: Old Testament and its African counterpart. This Judaeo-Christian Old Testament is captured in the book of Genesis 2:6-7 in which it is written ‘But there went up a mist from the earth and watered the whole face of the ground. ’ And the Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life and man became a living soul. There is more detail about the whole sequence of creation in Genesis 1. Indeed it is written that human beings were the last to be created specific in God’s own image. This is best explained in Genesis 1:27: ‘So God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him, male and female created he them’. This creation story is vividly portrayed by Michelangelo on the ceiling of Sistine chapel in the Vatican at Rome . The pictures showing muscled, hugely bearded figure of Jehovah dividing light from darkness with a gesture rolling the sun and the moon into being, extending his powerful right hand to bestow upon Adam the ultimate gift of life attracts numerous tourists to the Vatican. There are various aspects of creation explanations in Africa. However we use the version in The Human Venture vol. 1 (p 7). According to this version, Doondari made humankind out of the five elements; fire, water, air, iron, and stone. The oldest of all creation stories, that of the Minnite Theology carved in stone at Memphis on the Nile almost five thousand years ago, calls the creator Ptah and says that he made the first sentient beings with weapons in their hands. Similar creation myths are found among other communities. This is because human beings are always concerned with understanding ‘first things’ and how they led to more complex ones. Such myths are reinforced by science which intimates that our earth developed from ‘a ring of glowing gases cooled and solidified into planets. Around the planet earth was water which spread over much of the world and above the earth was the atmosphere. From these basic settings, life emerged from single-celled bacteria and gradually evolved into bigger creatures in the sea. And even continued evolving outside the sea. Such creatures outside the sea include birds and other beasts. Besides vegetations also developed from the moss and horsetails to such bigger plants like trees. All this took place before the hominids emerged. Herein lies the biological or evolution explanation. The evolution process which continued resulted in great geographical features such as grassland, forest, desert among others. More than two thirds of the earth was covered with water. The protruded expanse of dry land formed the seven continents. They included Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, North and South America and Antarctica. Each continent and the islands that lay between them had a range of climate and topography which provided a variety of human beings. Human Development Through the excavations of Mary and Louis Leakey at Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania, it was established that Africa is the origin of human species. The skeleton of Don Johansson’s Lucy found scattered over a hillside in Ethiopia pushed prehuman origin back several years. Hominids or hominid like bones from more recent times include those of Cro-Magnon and Neanderthal type first found in France and Germany and their kin Peking Man and Java Man discovered in Asia. Together with theses finds were also crude stone tools, later pots, pictures and bits of clothing were unearthed. The discovery of the ‘ice man’ an intact human corpse, discovered frozen in the alpine ice in 1991came complete with deerskin coat, fur hat, stone dagger, bow and arrows and a crude copper axe. The biological evolution of human beings dates back to tens of millions of years when small fury creatures with huge eyes and long tail lived in forests, balanced on high branches and snatched at insects. From these there developed primates from who emerged as long as five million years ago the line of development known as hominids of which the humans are the only surviving descendants. There were various changes that the human ancestors underwent to adapt to the environment. For instance eyes of the tree dwellers changed and developed stereoscopic (depth) vision and color sightedness, very useful capacities for leaping from branch to branch. When these ancestors moved from forests to open grassland five million years ago more changes followed. Their legs and feet changed to permit erect bipedal walking on the African savanna. The posture in turn freed the hands for carrying game and foraged nuts and berries back to the family circle. The hands developed producing the most efficient thumb for the manipulation of any primate’s. The hominid brain grew, doubling and tripling in size and evolving a capacity that enabled human beings develop culture. Gradually, a number of hominid species developed, flourished for a time then died out. The Australopithecines of three and a half million years ago were perhaps four feet tall and had brain about a third of modern human’s. Hominids of the Neanderthal line were closer to us. Hominids who survived made stone tools, buried their dead with ceremony and decorated the walls of their caves with paintings of the animals they hunted. These survivors who emerged approximately thirty-five thousand years ago were the Cro-Magnon people, a subspecies of the hominid family called Homo sapiens (wise people). They were the last of the hominid line and biologically indistinguishable from us. Prehistoric Migrations As is established the homeland of human beings is in Africa. Around two million years ago, the ancestors began migrating to other continents of Europe and Asia. A skull found in China indicates that these ancestors reached East Asia two hundred thousand years ago. Between 70,000 and 40,000 BC human beings reached Australia between 40,000 and 20,000 BC they reached the Americas. Thus in about half a million years, prehistoric ancestors spread around the world. They evolved various cultures and ways of life which kept improving through the various ages. It is to these civilizations that we now turn. The Ancient Civilization of Egypt In this topic we will look at the factors behind the rise of the ancient Egyptian civilization, the growth of the Egyptian Kingdom and its contribution to the ancient world. The Factors for the Rise of Ancient Egyptian Civilization Its appropriate to state that ancient Egypt was directly linked to the rest of Africa. Unlike at present, the Sahara desert had not developed. Hence movement between the northern and the southern parts of Africa were possible. This fact is true because some African communities in both East and West Africa argue that their ancestral homelands were in Misri which roughly refers to Egypt. 1)Egyptian civilization owes its origin and development largely to the water from River Nile whose Source is in the South especially in Lake Victoria. In addition, the Blue Nile which is a tributary of the White Nile flows from the Ethiopian Highlands. The heart of the land was that part of the river from the first cataract at Aswan to the fan shaped delta where it flowed in to the Mediterranean Sea. The river winds six hundred miles from the cataracts to the delta. The Nile Valley is hardly more than a few miles wide, but for the last hundred miles the valley opens up into the flat triangular delta spread along the sea. It is because of this river that Egypt was described as ‘the gift of the Nile’. The river’s annual rise and fall were crucial for the life of Egypt. On its way from the south, the Nile on reaching Upper Egypt overflowed its banks and deposited over the narrow valley a layer of rich black mud, alluvium picked up along its way from the south. (2)The human resource was yet another factor. Perhaps as early as the fifth millennium BC the hunters and nomadic pastoralists who had moved to the Nile Valley realized the agricultural potential of the fertile valley. They settled into agricultural villages and planted wheat and flax for clothing. They organized themselves into clans having animal totems such as crocodile or the hippopotamus. Sometime between 3500BC and 3000BC cooperative economic effort appeared as the Egyptians began to attempt at controlling the Nile with dikes and catch basins. Copper was used more widely. The population grew. (3)There was influence from outside, for instance, there were the Mesopotamian style cylinder seals found in Egypt. Besides Sumerian pictograms appear among the earliest Egyptian hieroglyphics. In the growth of the Egyptian civilization, there was an intermediate stage rom the villages to the centralized Monarchial state. After the villages, there were the two lands of upper and Lower Egypt. The vulture of the goddess Nekhbet was sacred in Upper Egypt while the cobra of Wadjet sacred in Lower Egypt. The kings of the upper valley wore white crown while those of the delta a red one. People in the upper and Lower Egypt often fought each other. The Old Kingdom This area covered approxima tely ten thousand square miles. In 3000 BC, this Old Kingdom was the largest or most centralized state in the world. The Pharaoh was officially the king of upper and Lower Egypt. The Lord of the two lands’ and as such was crowned and symbolically buried in each of the two lands. There were separate treasures for the two halves of his kingdom and much duplication of officials. The tendency toward fragmentation embodied in the nomes, the provinces of pharaonic Egypt posed challenge to the unity of the state. Independent totemic communities or clans prior to unification, the nomes could become centers of disunity under ambitious governors. To hold the nation together, the early pharaohs forged a powerful alliance with the temples and the priests. This is because the pharaohs claimed that they themselves were incarnations of divinity. The pharaoh was believed to be the son of the sun god Re. The reigning pharaoh was also Horus, the sky god-symbolized by falcon. On his death, the Falcon flew to the horizon, and the dead pharaoh became Osiris, King of the Underworld. Therefore the Pharaoh among the ancient Egyptians was semi-divine. Every year the pharaoh performed religious ceremonies that guaranteed the rising of the river. He and his officials ruled the land in the spirit of Ma’at, a combination of truth, justice and order that was for the Egyptians the highest of virtues. In the underworld, the souls of the dead were weighed against Ma’at. In this world the pharaoh himself was its living embodiment and the guarantee that the land would be ruled in its spirit. The Egyptians developed an elaborate administrative system. The chief administrative officer under the pharaoh was the vizier whose roles included chief judge, superintendent of public works and right hand to the king. Under the vizier were such offices as those of treasuries, agriculture, officials in charge of irrigation systems and a secretariat. There was also a provincial administration charged with governing the nomes. The rulers of these provinces, the nomarchs exercised considerable local authority. They controlled the local militia, the source of most of the military strength of the kings of Upper and Lower Egypt. The Egyptian bureaucracy was staffed by scribes . Scribes conducted census of land and people, estimated size of the harvest and calculated taxes in kind. They supervised the vital irrigation system, organized the care and feeding of the pharaohs and the building of the royal tombs. Old kingdom Egypt was an ordered state and the society was organized hierarchically . At the top was the pharaoh while at the bottom were the slaves . See the diagram on the next page. Pharaoh v Pharaonic family, Relatives and Courtiers v The vizier (PM) and his circle v The Priests v The Scribes v Soldiers v Workers v Peasants v Foreigners v Slaves Source: Ogutu Kenyanchui, An Introduction To African history,1991 p. 35 The hierarchy was symbolized most massively by the pyramid tombs of the pharaohs of the fourth dynasty; the dynasty of Khufu (also known as Cheops) builder of the great pyramid at Giza, around 2550 B. C The Middle Kingdom This period which stretches from around 2200 BC to the emergence of the New Kingdom about 1550 BC is considered as a transition period between the two worlds. The period was characterized by political turbulence, famine and the invasion of marauding desert Bedouin in the delta. Egyptians longed for a return to the immemorial order of past centuries. What they got, however, was not a return to the past but a dynamic new direction to national life . Ambitious dynasts from Thebes City in Upper Egypt snatched the kingdom from the last royal house to rule in Memphis. During the twentieth and nineteenth centuries BC, the powerful 12th dynasty restored prosperity and order along the Nile. Pharaohs during this period expanded their kingdom and trade . Egyptian merchants traded with Syria, Palestine, Mesopotamia and Minoan Crete. Egyptian military pushed south along the Nile into Nubia and on into The Sudan . Egypt for the first time became involved in a large scale with regions in North-East Africa and the Near East However the pharaohs who succeeded those in the 12th dynasty were weak and did not continue the firm hold on the expanded kingdom . Before 1700 BC the Hyksos, an Asiatic speaking group seized power . Because they were less sophisticated than the ancient Egyptians ,the Hyksos were culturally assimilated ,adopted Egyptian names , worshipped Egyptian gods and followed other traditional royal rites.. The Hyksos introduced the use of bronze instead of softer copper . In addition they also introduced the two wheeled horse-drawn war chariot. After about one and a half centuries their rule was ended and more powerful pharaohs from Lower Egypt took over and established the New Kingdom. The New Kingdom King Ahmose was hailed by posterity as the father of the new kingdom and the founder of the eighteenth dynasty (Abu Bakri, ‘Pharaonic Egypt’ in G . Mokhtar, ed General History of Africa vol 2(Abridged Edition) 1990, 73) Around 1550 BC Ahmose attacked, defeated and expelled the Hyksos from Egypt to Palestine . He even followed them there and destroyed their base . Back at home he put down the rebellious nobility and Nubian princess who collaborated with Hyksos. All the loot from Ahmose’s victories, he heaped them at the feet of Amon, the sun god of Thebes . The priesthood of Amon thus became the most powerful in Egypt and Thebes the new capital. Pharaoh Hatshepsut (1490-1468BC) who married each of her half brothers in turn was, however, in her fifth year powerful enough to declare herself supreme ruler of the country. She declared herself the child of Re; and the god’s designated ruler, had herself crowned with double crown and seated herself on the golden throne of pharaohs. The two peaceful decades of her reign were prosperous for Egypt . She concentrated her attention upon the country’s internal affairs and upon building enterprises, mainly her magnificent temple at Western Thebes . The two achievements of which she was most proud were:- 1. The expedition to punt where the Egyptian fleet obtained ebony and ivory perfumes and spices, apes ,monkeys ,leopard skins, slaves and thirty-one live myrrh trees which were ceremoniously replanted at the queen’s temple at Deir el Bahari. 2. The raising of two great obelisks at the temple of Karnak. At her death/ Thutmose the 3rd (1486-1436 BC) took over. He was a skilled archer and charioteer. The militaristic elements among the aristocracy who longed for more aggressive foreign policy loved him. He fought seventeen campaigns gainst a coalition of city states of Palestine-Syria-Lebanon/region. The coalition had been plotting at Megiddo to revolt against Egypt’s domination. Consequently, the whole country as far as the southern Lebanon came under Egyptian control. Egypt was therefore firmly established as a world power with a far reaching empire (A. Abu Bakr/1990, 73). It stretched over much of the ancient Ferti le Crescent, from the Euphrates to the forth cataract of the Nile. Thutmose the 3rd had well equipped army supplied with the latest swords, bows and amour of the late Bronze Age. The army also used well constructed chariots. He established garrison towns, local governors and a sophisticated system of puppet kings to control what he had conquered. He raised obelisks as far south as the fourth cataract to signify his imperial expanse. These obelisks were looted and are found in Rome, Istanbul, London and New York’s Central Park. Another outstanding pharaoh was Akhenaton (Amenhotep the 4th/ 1364-1347 BC) who was also described as heretic pharaoh, a religious visionary or the doom of his dynasty(Esler A, The Human Venture, 2004, 54). He was physically weak with a frail effeminate body with hardly the makings of soldier or statesman. He was mostly concerned with matters of the mind and spirit. In his youthful fascination, Akhenaton instituted a radical change of policy which led to the direct attack on the priesthood of Amon. Initially he continued to live at Thebes where he had a great temple to Aton (the sun disk erected east of Amon†s temple at Karnak. Later, because of resistance to his reform in Thebes Akhenaton withdrew from the city. He founded a new residence at El-Amarna in Middle Egypt which he called Akhetaton (the horizon of Aton) where he lived until his death. It was here that he changed his name from Amenhotep (Amon is satisfied to Akhenaton (He who is serviceable to Aton or spirit of Aton). Akhenaton proclaimed Aton as the sole true god to be worshipped throughout Egypt. He launched campaigns to destroy all the other cults and replaced them with the worship of Aton. Hence Akhenaton was the first ruler to advocate for monotheism thirteen and a half centuries before Christ. Aton was represented not in human form like other gods but simply by the solar disk. Rays spread down from it and at the ends of the rays there were hands. Temples of Aton were built without roofs so that the worshipper might commune directly with the god and feel his power in the sky above. The Atonist revolution did not survive the death of Akhenaton. His second successor Tutankhamun returned to the faith of his ancestors and became a worshipper of Amon. However it was not until the reign of Horemheb as the last king of the Eighteenth Dynasty that the persecution of Aton began with the same persistence that had formerly applied to Amon (Abu-Bakr, 1990, 75). The Decline of Ancient Egypt Its decline could be attributed to the following factors; 1. The empire had grown so big that it was not easy to hold it together against external attacks. The Hittites and the sea people (biblical philistines) constantly attacked the delta. 2. The weak kings undermined the state especially in the face of invaders. During the thousand years that followed the end of the New kingdom in the eleventh century/ Theban priests, Libyan mercenaries, Nubian kings, Assyrians, Persians, Macedonians and Romans ruled Egypt in turns. The Art, Thought and Achievements in Ancient Egypt Some of the art, thought and achievements are already discussed under the previous topics. For instance the roles of art and religion as well as the establishment of empire have been discussed. Perhaps what follows is to briefly itemize others; 1. The discovery of the art of writing in Egypt began as picture writing i. e. hieroglyphics carved with reed pens on papyrus. As a working script therefore, hieroglyphic writing evolved over centuries into a cursive script called hieratic. The latter looked more like modern Arabic. 2. Scientific knowledge; Astronomy, Egyptians divided the night sky into eparate constellations, compiled detailed records of the nightly positions of some heavenly bodies and constructed on this basis a calendar that is close to the solar one in use today. Mathematics: Ancient Egyptians used mathematics to survey and re-establish boundary lines after the annual inundation had washed out the line markers up and down the Nile. They also used measurement and calculat ion for architecture and engineering, for predicting harvests and totaling royal tax receipts. Medicine: Ancient Egyptian medicine operated on the basis of experience and rules of the thumb. Egyptian doctors indeed showed genuine clinical concern with symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Some of the prescribed remedies include drugs, such as castor oil that may even have done the patient some good. 3. Construction; Ancient Egyptians were great builders. They built in stone. The old kingdom pyramids still stand out as some of the wonders of the world. The forty five hundred years and the two and a half million cubic yards of solid stone in the great pyramid of Khufu is one example of human engineering feats. Obelisks were another Egyptian architectural specialist. They often stood almost a hundred feet high. Their hieroglyphic inscriptions described the achievements of the pharaohs who erected them i. e. Hatshepsut or Thutmose the 3rd. Other architectural feats include temples, tombs and sarcophaguses (stone coffins) 4. Polytheistic Religion; The sources of religion include ancient Egyptians need for supernatural help to ensure a supply of game, growing herds or desire for human support when dealing with life transition and with specific afflictions i. e. wars, pestilence, famine and oppression. 5. To express the inexpressible religious leaders turn to metaphor. This experience has brought religious discourse from the historically conditioned realities of a particular time and place i. e. the sun god sails down a celestial Nile in the mind of the Egyptian. 6. Egyptians worshipped many gods i. e. Amon-Ra, Osiris, Horus. The Origin of Civilization In The Rest Of Africa Since it is established that the earliest human species is in the land of the great lakes of East Africa, it becomes clear that the Egyptian civilization was not isolated from the areas where the earliest forms of human origins are situated. Hence there was a lot of interconnectedness between the north and the south. We use Kush and Nubia to illustrate this point. The Nubians supplied ancient Egypt with gold, ivory, ebony, ostrich, feathers and slaves. It also supplied cattle, grain, leopards (and their skins), giraffes (whose tails were used as fly whisks, oils and perfumes among others. During the Egyptian decline, Nubian army went into Egypt and even took control of the Egyptian throne. Between the 11th c. BC and the 4th c. AD, the Nubian territory constituted the state of Kush. This area generally stretches from the first cataract of the Nile and the confluence between the Blue Nile and the White Nile. The region is currently between Egypt’s Aswan Dam and the Sudanese capital of Khartoum. During around 1500 BC, the area fell under the expansionist New Kingdom of Ancient Egypt. Egyptian Governors and garrisons, priests and artisans influenced Kush greatly. Sons of Kushite kings were educated at the Egyptian royal court at Thebes. Egyptian temples and gods royal rituals and hieroglyphics were all transplanted to the Sudan. The Egyptian religious complex at Napata in particular became a centre for the spread of the Egyptian culture among the Africans beyond the cataracts. During the decline of Egypt from around 1100 BC, the kingdom of Kush regained its independence and flourished, none the less; the Kushite kings still followed Egyptian ways and worshipped Egyptians gods. They recovered their deeds in hieroglyphics inscriptions and buried their dead under the pyramid like those of the old kingdoms. Around 750 BC the Kushite kings Kashata and Piankhi marched north and liberated Egypt from Libyan rulers. For more than half a century later the Kushite pharaohs of the 25th Egyptian dynasty ruled a dual kingdom that stretched around 1400 miles from the Blue Nile to the shores of the Mediterranean. The Assyrians expelled the 25th dynasty and replaced the Kushite kings in Egypt. The golden age of Kushitic civilization was during Meroe’s ascendancy. Meroe built its cities in sun-dried bricks like Egyptians. Kushitic rulers’ succession was by consensus among the royal princes. The queen mother was uniquely powerful. Egyptian priesthoods i. e. the sun god was influential. But later it was replaced by the Kushite lion god Apedemek. The wealth of Kush lay in the location of its fertile land and its dynamic people. Kushite capital, Meroe was watered not only by the Nile but also by a significant annual rainfall. Hence there was expansive pasture and cropland. There were such minerals as gold and iron. Kushite artisans exploited the iron ore so industriously that Meroe became one of the centers for the production of iron in Africa. Later Kush developed its own writing. The first centuries of Christian era witnessed the decline of Kush. Reasons could include limited land that ended up being overgrazed, the drying out of the land due to creeping of the Sahara southwards and the loss of its northern customers, Egypt. Trade in the east was taken over by Axum which destroyed the kingdom of Kush finally. THE ORIENTAL CIVILIZATION Introduction The oriental as an adjective derives from the ‘noun’ orient’ which refers to the ‘East’. The concept of ‘East as used in reference to countries in Asia was given by the Europeans. Therefore in our discussion, we will look at such civilization as those of Mesopotamia, Hebrew, Persia, India and China. THE ANCIENT CIVILIZATION OF MESOPOTAMIA Ancient Mesopotamia was situated between River Tigris and River Euphrates. Indeed it was because of these two rivers that the Greeks called the land Mesopotamia to mean land between the rivers. Between 3,500 and 539 B. C cities and temples emerged first in Sumeria in the delta at the head of the Persian Gulf. This was followed by more cities and temples in Akkladian, Babylon and climaxed in Assyria. All these constituted Mesopotamia. Gradual drying out of the sea covered delta at the mouths of the two rivers exposed the fertile side that may have attracted Neolithic farmers to migrate from the hilly areas and moved to settle in the villages at summer or Sumeria. These early inhabitants built reeds houses in the delta and hunted birds and speared fish. They were also farmers much as they hunted and gathered wild fruits. From this area, the ancient Sumerians built over centuries a type of civilization that was later emulated. The Sumerians first discovered how to tame the flooding waters of the Tigris and Euphrates. They constructed dykes, canals and irrigation ditches that converted the water from destructive actions to more productive uses like enabling the community to produce enough foods stuffs. The Sumerians planted barley and wheat. They cultivated date palm for fruit and palm wine. Sumerians reared sheep and goats from which wool and hair clothing was made. They used oxen to pull, plough, donkeys were beasts of burden, horses and camels were domesticated later. These latter animals were obtained during the Sumerian war encounters against their neighbouring foreigners. Mesopotamia developed such crafts as textiles, pottery and stone carving, smelting of copper and alloy of bronze. They also invented the wheel solid and spoked (The human venture vdl) P. 37) To go along with the wheel, the Sumerians invented the carts and wagons. It is assumed that they were the first to invent writing. However, their most important invention was city itself. The city became the centre of civilization. In Mesopotamia, cities had high and thick walls with special gateways. Inside the walls, the town was divided into four quarters by main streets that entered the city through four main gates. Dominant features in the city-state were king’s palace, the temple of gods, and large houses of leading citizens. Temples or Zigguarats were pyramidal, terraced towers visible from far beyond the city walls. Streets were mostly narrow and winding, crowded with shopkeepers, artisans, slaves, citizens and even priests. The city had the aristocrats who included royal officials, members of the royal family and the chief priest of the major temples. The middle class included textile manufacturers, metal work manufacturers in copper and bronze, and merchants. In the fields outside the walls were peasant, serfs and slaves. Among this lower cadre of society, very few peasants were free citizens. Most were tenant farmers holding their land in return for payment in kind to absentee landlords, serfs and slaves worked on land owned by the royal family and the chief gods of the city state. These cadres of lower members in society were subjected to strict rules enforced by supervisor who made sure that the workers irrigated farms to sustain city –life. The shadoof method was widely employed in irrigation. A shadoof was a long pivoted pole with a weight at one end and a bucket at the other. The tool was used to lift water from larger channels into the furrows where the seeds were planted. Other methods of irrigation included levees which were constantly strengthened, canals and ditches as irrigation methods were redredged to prevent silting up. Hence a good deal of cooperation was necessary for the success of the said group work. Mesopotamia women worked as weavers, pottery makers, farm workers and manual workers. In summer and Babylon, women could own property, sign legal contracts and engage in business themselves. Monarchies and cults of gods were central institutions in Sumerian society. Temples came first. The pyramidal Ziggurats and broad temple complexes of gods and goddesses – Anu, Enhil, Enlil, Ninhursag and Imana (the last was also known as Ishtar) dominated the skyline of the Sumerian city. Each city had its own patron among the heavenly assembly, who was believed to bring rising rivers and rich harvests to keep misfortunes at bay and to maintain law and order. MESOPOTAMIAN EMPIRE An empire was the most common larger form of political organization beyond the city states. Several efforts were made at this empire building by such rulers as Sargon of Akkad, Hammurabi of Babylon and Nebuchadnezzar in the New Babylonian empire. However Persians reduced these efforts by making Mesopotamia as a Persian satrapy or province. Several factors frustrated the Mesopotamia efforts at uniting. They included i. Attacks from the outsiders who included Akkadians Gadians, Kassites and Persians. ii. The existence of fragmented feudal order in Mesopotamia. This led to division of power among land owning aristocracy. iii. The tendency of a number of regions to break up into middle sized states which enjoyed their own hegemonies and resisted efforts from outside that aimed at imposing larger order on the entire Mesopotamia. iv. Polarization among rival Mesopotamian city –states frustrated efforts by any that aimed at uniting Mesopotamia. v. The unity which occurred temporarily was due to successful confrontations accompanied by losses in human lives and destruction of property. The following are some of the successful attempts. Sargon of Akkad king of Sumerian founded a dynasty around 2300 BC His dynasty governed most of Mesopotamia for about a century. From a lesser Sumerian city – state, Sargon replaced his royal master on the throne, overthrew the dynasty of Uruk and conquered most of the Tigris and Euphrates valley. He garrisoned his conquests with Akkadian troops and built himself a new capital at Agade. Sargon’s son and grandson ruled after him. However, a volcanic eruption may have brought drought to the region. The violent Gatians swept down from neighbouring hills destroyed Agade and its imperial Mesopotamian domain. Sargon is thus remembered as the world’s first empire builder. Hammurabi, also known as the lawgiver of Babylon (1792 -1750 BC) was born king of Babylon. The sixth in the line of Amorite rulers, Hammurabi governed Babylon for about thirty years before embarking on his expansionist venture into the rest of Mesopotamia. Employing shrewd statecraft, good timing and military force, Hammurabi expanded his empire far beyond the confines of his predecessors. For a brief [period, he and his successors had authority over all the people of Mesopotamia (Human Venture, 42) Hammurabi the law-giver introduced a code of laws covering a range of civil and criminal matters. They tackled family relations, land laws, business laws, personal injury, military service, matters touching on witchcraft and taxes. Some of his laws are harsh seen from the present times. For instance, a principle of ‘an eye for an eye’ ‘a life for a life’ is cited for being extreme. But looked at with knowledge about our present judicial system, would you consider them strange? Hammurabi’s code observed some social hierarchy. There were laws for slaves and laws for their masters. For example, a noble was punished more harshly for the same offence than his social inferiors. Here one gets the impression that ‘might is not always right’ Does it operate in our society? At his death, Hammurabi had built so expensive an empire that his successors were unable to hold together. Attacks from enemies like Kassites, from the east weakened the empire. Within a century and a half, the empire had crumbled away. It took some time before other unifiers, this time from Assyria emerged. As the Babylonian empire declined, the Assyrians emerged as a military power right from the fourteenth century BC. By the later part of the eighth century BC, they were incorporating their victims into a large and growing empire. In the seventh century BC under Sennacherib and Assurbanipal, Assyrians conquered Egypt and most of Mesopotamia. Thus under Assurbanipal Assyrian empire briefly ran from the Nile valley to the Persian Gulf. However, in the last part of the seventh century BC, chaos bedeviled the Assyrian empire. In 612 BC, an allied force of Chaldeans from Babylon and Medes from the eastern mountains attacked Assyria, defeated it and destroyed its city Nineveh. One lasting legacy the Assyrians were known for was savage brutality. The Assyrian decline prepared room for the rise of New Babylonian Empire. During the New Babylonian empire, Nebuchadnezzar II (605 -562) was a dominant figure. Soon after the fall of Nineveh, while still prince of Babylon, Nebuchadnezzar commanded the Babylonian army which had defeated the Egyptian forces at (carchemish in 605 BC. As king, he repeatedly attacked Palestine, destroyed Jerusalem and forced Judeans into exile At its peak, the new Babylonian empire compared in size with the Assyrian empire at its climax. It thus stretched from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean Sea during the sixth century BC. Nebuchadnezzar II was a great builder of canals and caravan roads as well as temples and palaces. He raised huge new walls around his capital, eleven miles long and very wide. He opened the broad processional way through the heart of the city to the Ishtar gate. He built the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, towering Ziggurat featuring terraces planted with trees and exotic plants. It is said he did this to please his Median wife who missed the hills of her mountains home. Nebuchadnezzar’s successors were not able to keep the huge empire safe from external attacks. Hence in 539 BC, the Persian conqueror, also known as ‘Cyrus the Great defeated the rulers of the New Babylon Empire and ushered in a new era. THE HEBREW CIVILISATION Introduction In this section, we look at the Hebrew (or Jews) as a people, their efforts at establishing their Jewish Kingdom and the lasting legacy to posterity. It is at their legacy that the aspect of monotheism is critically discussed. It is also worthy noting that Hebrew history is intertwined with the Old Testament story.. The Hebrew people At the beginning of the second millennium BC the Hebrews were part of the nomadic population of Semitic speakers who wandered and settled along the shores of the Arabian Desert between Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations. Abraham, the founder or patriarch of the Hebrew community moved from Ur with his wives and children, servants, shepherds and flocks around him and settled for a time in Palestine (Canaan) situated around Jordan River. A section of the community moved into Egypt where tradition states they were oppressed in the New Kingdom of Egypt. Hence in the thirteenth century BC, these Hebrews resumed their wanderings. Their liberator, Moses held them together for forty years in the wilderness of Sinai. Moses rallied them behind a single God, Yaweh. Hence by the 1200’s BC, the Hebrews had become monotheists (The Human Venture, Vol. 1, p. 67) and promised to obey his commandments. It is believed, God’s messenger to the Hebrews, Moses wrote the Torah, also known as Pentateuch. These were the first five books of the Bible. Thus, through these books, Moses the liberator and law giver became a world historical figure. The Hebrews had some of their sections also known as Yehudim which when translated into English became Jews. Hence the genesis of the name that mostly refers to the present descendants of the Hebrews. The Hebrew Kingdom When the Hebrews ultimately settled at Palestine, all the twelve ethnic groups evolved into a kingdom. Earlier, before making this decision, the Hebrew communities were divided and disunited along clan and ethnic lines. Their leaders were called judges. At times they were also guided by charismatic prophets. Shortly before 1000 BC, however, all the twelve ethnic groups resolved to follow a single king who was to be also a war leader capable of winning wars against their enemies. Saul, David and Solomon were some of the first kings of the Hebrews. David (1010-960 BC) a gifted military leader defeated the Philistines and completed the conquest of Canaan. He cemented the political unity of the twelve ethnic groups, established a Hebrew state and began to build a Hebrew capital at Jerusalem. Generally regarded as the strongest of Hebrew rulers, David is reputed for founding a centralised kingdom of Israel in the tenth century BC. Indeed Soul, the first ruler made effort but could not score definitive victory against enemies of the Hebrews. Hence when he fell in battle, he was replaced by David. David was later succeeded by Solomon (960-920 BC), his son, reputed for his wisdom. Solomon was a shrewd diplomat and a great builder. He married many wives and kept many concubines, he built a magnificent palace for himself and a great temple for Yaweh. Solomon further strengthened and equipped his army with chariots and new iron-age weapons. Furthermore, he built, rebuilt and fortified a number of cities. Solomon also constructed ships and traded with the Phoenicians and even down the Red Sea. Hence, Solomon in a way symbolized the governmental ideals of wisdom and power in the service of the people. In his effort to ensure that the Hebrew Kingdom remained powerful in the region, Solomon employed huge amounts of labour and money. He used oppressive taxation, forced labour and other harsh measures that made him unpopular among his people. Differences among the urban and commercial northerners and the pastoral, agricultural and more religious southerners of his kingdom weakened the monarchy. The emerging rebellion split the kingdom after Solomon’s death. The Fall of the Hebrew Kingdom The split of the Hebrew Kingdom into Judah in the South and ruled from Jerusalem and Israel in the North marked the fall of the kingdom. The nation of Judah was made up of two of the Hebrew communities while Israel had ten of the original twelve ethnic groups. Neither of the two could withstand attacks from more powerful enemies who included the Assyrians and Babylonians. Hence in the eighth century BC, Israel was conquered by the Assyrians while Nebuchadnezzar II of New Babylonian empire defeated Judah in the sixth century (586) BC. Jerusalem and Solomon’s great temple were destroyed. Many Hebrews were held captive in Babylon. Others fled to Egypt and beyond, beginning the diaspora or dispersal of the Jewish people. Some captives escaped and returned to rebuild the temple of their Lord, Yaweh, before the end of the sixth century BC. But such short-lived Jewish states as what emerged in later periods could not withstand attacks from Persians, Macedonians, Romans, Arabs and Turks. It was not until 1948 that a new nation of Israel, approximating the size of the one ruled over by David, was declared. That nation of Israel is still busy fending off attacks from Arabs. The Birth of Monotheism The earliest Hebrews were organised along family, clan and ethnic lines. As earlier argued, the twelve ethnic groups were believed to have descended from the twelve sons of Abraham. Within the family, patriarchy prevailed. Male heads of families had power over wives and children. Polygamy was allowed for men wealthy enough to support several wives. Only sons could inherit property because daughters could marry away from the families. A wife retained control of the dowry she brought with her to her marriage. But she had few other property rights. Divorce was easy for men but difficult for women to secure. How does this compare with our present circumstances? There were exceptions though. Some women stepped outside the family centred system entirely. Some exercised political power – as judges, or religious authority as prophetesses e. g. Deborah. Some like Judith who slew the commander of an invading host (The Human venture, Vol. 1, p. 71) were hailed as national heroes for their deeds. Religion played a central role in Hebrew life. In fact, the many ancient Hebrew laws recorded in the Old Testament had a deep religious touch much as they also reflected the traditional Hebrew values. One such law was the principle of ‘an eye for an eye’. Other Hebrew laws also prescribed kinds of foods to be eaten, persons and communities from which to marry or be married among, or what punishments to be given out against violations of these taboos. Hebrew prophets carried the words of their god, Yaweh, carved on two stone tablets in a chest as they preached to their people. They proclaimed their divinely ordained rule in a promised land in Palestine. Over a millennium and half between Abraham and the return to Jerusalem from Babylon, the Hebrews evolved a unique conception of divinity and of humanity’s relationship to it. During Abraham’s time, the Hebrew worshipped their own god without interfering with the other community’s way of worship. But by Moses’ time, Hebrew spiritual leaders began to insist that Yaweh demanded exclusive worship in return for his special patronage. The spiritual leaders further insisted that Yaweh was the only real God in the universe. During the second millennium BC, the Hebrew began believing that Yaweh demanded exclusive devotion from Hebrews. They believed that Yaweh was a jealous god and would tolerate no others. Over the centuries, Hebrews believed that Yaweh could not tolerate any images of himself. He thus remained a purely spiritual presence. He remained an incarnation of such superhuman qualities as all knowledge, absolute power and benevolent caring who had miraculously selected the ancient Hebrews as his chosen people. Yaweh’s prophets of the first millennium BC preached ethical monotheism, stressing the moral dimension of the worship of one God. In sermons to the Hebrews, preachers like Samuel, Jeremiah, and Isaiah insisted that Yaweh demanded believers to obey the commandments that forbade murder, theft, lying, covetousness and many other sins. The prophets also preached that Yaweh demanded social justice from his people. The rich were not to oppress the poor, nor the mighty oppress the weak. The prophets preached that God had made a Special Covenant with the Hebrews. Whenever they sinned, God punished them severely i. e. by having them enslaved in Egypt or held captives in Babylon. But if they remained loyal to him alone and kept his commandments, they would get a promised land where they would have respect among nations. It is this monotheistic legacy that the Hebrews have bequeathed to posterity. For instance, in the first century AD, Jesus Christ, born and raised in the Jewish community of Northern Palestine, became the founder of the Christian faith, a faith that later spread around the world. In the Seventh Century AD, the Prophet Muhammad, an Arabian merchant conversant with both Judaism and Christianity, founded the third major world religion, Islam. Down through the centuries Hebrew leaders like Moses and Solomon would be honoured not only in later Judaism, but also in the Christian Old Testament and the Muslim Quran. ANCIENT PERSIA Ancient Persia is situated in the Middle East. A region known to have given rise to many civilizations including Mesopotamia. During the millennium of the Christian era, the broad diversified Middle Eastern region had intermittent unity under a series of Persian dynasties. Some of the leading Persian unifiers include the Achaenemids (550-331 BC). The Achaenemids are a royal house which was founded by Cyrus the Great. The Persians were Indo-European descendants who had migrated into the Iranian Plateau hundreds of years earlier. In the 6th C BC, Persians were still a war-like semi-pastoral people living in the mountains of what is present day Western Iran. There they were within easy reach of the Euphrates and Tigris valley. Cyrus the Great, also known as Cyrus the Shepherd was a self made emperor. He was merciful with defeated enemies, tolerant of all religions and very courageous. He was a brave fighter. By the middle of the 6th C, the Medes who had participated in the destruction of the Mesopotamian Empire were weak. This enabled Cyrus, a hereditary chief of the Persian people who were tributary to the Medes to rise. In 550BC, Cyrus invaded and overthrew the last Medean king of the Medes and crowned himself king of the Medes and Persians. For the next twenty years, Cyrus waged many victorious campaigns. Cyrus’ horse soldiers wore leather breeches and heavy felt boots, sat on their rugged mountainous ponies and were armed with compound bows. In his reign and that of his successors, Persia expanded to become the largest empire in the 6th century. About three years after seizing control of the Median confederacy, Cyrus crossed the Taurus Mountains into present day Turkey and overthrew king Croesus of Lydia. Using the wealth acquired from Croesus, Cyrus marched eastwards subduing residents of present day Iran and Afghanistan. In the process of expanding Persian Empire, Cyrus also expanded his troops so that by the time he invaded the New Babylonian Empire, the weaker and disunited Babylonian leaders were no match for him. About 539 BC Cyrus easily occupied Babylon, bringing to an end the Mesopotamian independence. Persia became the greatest power in the Middle East. About nine years later, Cyrus was killed in war in eastern part of today’s Iran. Cambyses, his son succeeded him and conquered Egypt. Cambyses’ successor, Darius 1(522-486) further extended Persian Empire into northern India and Macedonia, on the northern frontier of Greece. Darius 1 also known as Darius the Great thus governed over a huge empire, from the Egyptians, Babylonians, Lydians, Greeks, Persians and Medes among others. To administer the expansive empire effectively, it was divided in provinces (satrapies). Each satrapy was under a Satrap (governor) who was often a member of the imperial family or a leading local nobleman. The satraps were granted political, military and financial autonomy on a large scale. As long as a satrapy paid its tribute on time and provided its share of recruits for the army, the province could be left on its own in local matters. But to avert any rebellious satrapies, garrisons of royal troops were strategically situated across the huge empire. In addition, there were also royal agents (the king’s eyes and ears) who monitored on the satraps and regularly briefed the rulers of the empire. Darius formulated a single imperial code of laws based on the Mesopotamian model. He also borrowed the idea of minted coinage from the Lydians and began minting gold and silver coins. Besides he established a common set of weights and measures, a system of royal couriers and mail, a common calendar borrowed from Egypt and Aramaic, as a lingua franca. Aramaic was already widely used by business people in the general area. Darius was also a builder. He set up a network of hundred of miles of roads linking the far removed places of Persian Empire. Some ran from the capital at Susa to the Western City of Sardises Darius and his successors loved relaxing in gardens which they called ‘Paradises’ and in great palaces at Susa, Bablylon and Persepolis. From the fifth century B. C. some Satrops began revolting against the Persian rule. For instance, the Ionian Greek City-states revolted and were supported by Athens. Gradually palace intrigues undermined the power of the empire. Even women were ruthlessly conspiratorial and by the fourth century B. C. Alexander the Great, King of Macedonia attacked and destroyed Achaemenid Empire. Attempts to revive the empire by such groups as the Seleucids (323-250 B. C. ) and the Parrthians (250 B. C. -224A. D. ) could not succeed. The two were not Persians and from 224 A. D. , the Sassanids, an Iranian group took over and ruled Persia until 641A. D. The four hundred year reign of the Sassanids is thus viewed as a restoration of the Achaemenid rule (Esler, A. , The Human Venture Vol. 1 p. 153). The Sassanids constructed an elaborate system of power. The bureaucracy, the Iranian barons and the Magi (Priests of Zoroaster) were most influential. The Grand Visier, was the King’s right hand man and operational head of the state. Other powerful officials included the chief priest, head scribe, and general of the armies. Iranian barons granted estates along the frontiers of the empire and provided a flexible border defense. While defending their own lands, the barons by the same means also protected the Sassanid Empire. The Magi collected the peasant land tax on which the government depended and also provided religious sanction for Sassanid imperial power. Indeed under the Sassanids, Persian Empire emerged to the expansiveness of the earlier Achaemenid Empire under Darius and Xerxes. During its greatest the empire reached today’s Pakistan in the east and Egypt in the west. In the north the empire reached Central Asia upto the suburbs of Constantinople. The expansion of the empire made it fall into conflict with such western powers as Ancient Rome and Medieval Byzantine Empire. At one time the struggle took on a religious overtone between Zoroastrianism (Persia) and Christianity (Rome and Byzantium). Finally the Sassanid Empire was overwhelmed by the Muslim conquerors. The Persian Society and Culture Ancient Persian Empire was a class based society. The classes included the aristocrats, officials, priests, merchants, artisans, peasants, workers and slaves. In terms of gender relations, it depended on regions. In Mesopotamia women worked in handicraft industries while in Egypt women enjoyed legal rights. For example, a marriage contract guaranteed the bride to return her dowry in the event of the marriages dissolution and also receive a third of the husband’s earnings. The Faith of Zoroaster Initially, Persians were polytheists. They worshipped Anahita, goddess of the life-giving waters and Mithra, god of the Sun. Sacrificial fire played a central part in the religion of the early Persians. But from the sixth century, Prophet Zoroaster founded a new religion, Zoroastrianism. Six hundred years before Christi, Zoroaster preached a faith that resembled present day Christianity. He preached belief in one god, Ahura Mazda, the Wise Lord, god of light, goodness and truth. Ahura Mazda was the creator of all things, the judge of all people, and the rewarder of virtue with spiritual blessings. Zoroastrianism proclaimed Liar as the prince of darkness. Liar was also known as Abriman. He preached that the universe was the battle ground between Ahura Mazda and his agent Mithra on the one hand against Abriman on the other. Zoroaster urged all human beings to take a stand in the struggle between the two forces. He predicted victory for Ahura Mazda and his followers would enter paradise while those who served Liar (Abriman) will be cast into the bridge of judgment into a pit of darkness and torment. The faith became a faith of the royal family and nobility in Persia. Ahura Mazda was symbolized in a small human figure at persepolis. Zoroastrianism was largely a religion, therefore of the aristocrats given that Persians seldom sought converts to it. Nonetheless Zoroastrianism spread eastwards to India where the Parsi sect comprises the largest body of Zoroastrians in the world today (Elser, The Human Venture, p. 156). The cult of Mithra the sun god, champion of light against darkness spread westwards into Rome. Even Liar found a place in foreign pantheons such as Satan of the Christians. The Indian Civilization Introduction In this sub-topic we look at the general overview of the Indian subcontinent, its earliest organization, and invasion from outside before eventually discussing the evolution of the empire. There after we will examine the major philosophical and religious contribution of India to the rest of humankind. The Indian Subcontinent Indian subcontinent is made up of raised areas such as the Hindu Kush and the Himalayas as well as the river valleys and coastal plains. It is in these valleys that the Indian civilization was born and later expanded to cover the entire sub continent. It is argued that the subcontinent is about two thousan How to cite World Civilization Notes, Essay examples